The relationship between obstructive sleep apnea and bronchopulmonary diseases

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome affects the work and functionality of almost all organs and systems, its effect on the lungs is quite natural and logical, since common anatomical pathways and influence on key physiological processes associated with gas exchange could not but affect the development and course of bronchopulmonary diseases. The pathogenetic interactions between obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and bronchopulmonary diseases are complex and insufficiently covered in the Russian literature. A characteristic feature of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is oropharyngeal collapse, leading to a temporary decrease in airflow, significant fluctuations in intrathoracic pressure, as well as periodic hypoxia and hypercapnia. The subsequent cytokine-mediated inflammatory cascade in combination with traction damage to the lungs damages lung tissue and can worsen a number of conditions, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchial asthma, interstitial lung diseases, pulmonary hypertension, and others. Despite the published scientific data in the available literature on the effect of obstructive sleep apnea on the course of certain lung diseases, practitioners often do not recognize and/or do not attach importance to this disease and, therefore, leave the patient without appropriate treatment. 
The review article includes fundamental and clinical studies, systematic reviews, and literature reviews describing the relationship between obstructive sleep apnea and other diseases of the respiratory system. The literature was searched in the MEDLINE, PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and eLibrary databases. The search strategy consisted of a search query for the key terms "obstructive sleep apnea syndrome", "chronic obstructive pulmonary disease", "bronchial asthma", "sarcoidosis", "lung diseases". The article includes 38 scientific publications in Russian and English. The purpose of our review is to analyze and summarize current ideas about the relationship between obstructive sleep apnea and bronchopulmonary diseases in order to raise awareness among the medical community about the features of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in combination with other lung diseases.