Russian Military Medical Academy ReportsRussian Military Medical Academy Reports2713-23152713-2323Eco-Vector6033410.17816/rmmar60334Research ArticleSPINAL, EPIDURAL AND CAUDAL ANESTHESIA, CHARACTERIZATION TECHNIQUES AND THEIR SAFE USERostomashviliE. T.-ShaninYu. N.-ShchegolevA. V.-TsygankovK. A.-S. M. Kirov Military Medical Academy of the Russian Defense Ministry15122018371505708022021Copyright © 2018, Rostomashvili E.T., Shanin Y.N., Shchegolev A.V., Tsygankov K.A.2018. Bupivacaine creates long-block nerve conduction. Once intravenously, it can cause bradiasistoliyu. Lidocaine is an antiarrhythmic drug, a concentration of 2% and the recommended dosage does not lead to neurotoxicity. Changing osmolality lidocaine, can prolong its action twice. A comparison of the safety of spinal, epidural, and caudal anesthesia (6 figs, bibliography: 15 refs).caudalepidurallidocainesecurity anesthesiaspinalбезопасность анестезиикаудальнаялидокаинспинальнаяэпидуральная[Polushin Yu. S. Guide to anesthesiology and resuscitation. Saint Petersburg: ELBI-SPb; 2004. 919. Russian@@Полушин Ю. С. Руководство по анестезиологии и реаниматологии. СПб.: ЭЛБИ-СПб; 2004. 919.][Mostkovyi M. I. Spinal anesthesia. Ashgabat; 1946. 230. Russian@@Мостковый М. И. Спинномозговая анестезия. Ашхабад; 1946. 230.][Shifman E. M. Complications of neuraxial methods in obstetrics: thirty questions and answers. In: Selected lectures on regional anesthesia and treatment of postoperative pain. Vol. Petrozavodsk: IntelTekGroup; 2011: 483-93. Russian@@Шифман Е. М. Осложнения нейроаксиальных методов в акушерстве: тридцать вопросов и ответов. В кн.: Избранные лекции по регионарной анестезии и лечению послеоперационной боли. Т. 1. Петрозаводск: ИнтелТекГрупп; 2011: 483-93.][Shchelkunov V. S. Peridural anesthesia. Leningrad: Meditsina; 1976. 239. Russian@@Щелкунов В. С. Перидуральная анестезия. Л.: Медицина; 1976. 239.][Borghi B. Advantages of unilateral spinal anaesthesia. Intensivmed. Notfallmed. Schmerzther. 2010; 45 (3): 182-7.][Kalichman M. W. Quantitative histologicanalysis of local anesthetic-inducedinjury to rat sciatic nerve. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1989; 250 (1): 406-13.][Drasner K. Persistent sacral sensorydeficitinduced by intrathecal local anesthetic infusion in the rat. J. Anesth. 1994; 80: 847-52.][Gentili F. Nerve injection injury with local anesthetic agents: a light and electron microscopic, fluorescent microscopicand horse-radish peroxidase study. Neurosurgery.1980; 6 (3): 263-73.][Ready L. B. Neurotoxicity of intrathecal local anesthetics in rabbits. J. Anesth. 1985; 63: 364-70.][Koryachkin V. A. Neuroaxial blockades. Saint Petersburg: ELBI-SPb; 2013. 544. Russian@@Корячкин В. А. Нейроаксиальные блокады. СПб.: ЭЛБИ-СПб; 2013. 544.][McCleane G. Intravenous lidocaine: an outdated or underutilized treatment for pain? J. Palliative Med. 2007; 10 (3): 798-805.][Instructions for the use of medicinal products for medical use Naropin [Electronic resource]. Available at: http:// www.astrazeneca.ru/medicines/anaesthesiology (accessed 12.12.17). According to from the screen. Russian@@Инструкция по применению лекарственного препарата для медицинского применения Наропин [Электронный ресурс]. Доступен по: http://www.astrazeneca.ru/medicines/ anaesthesiology (дата обращения 12.12.17). Загл. с экрана.][Levsky M. E. Cardiovascular collapse from low dose bupivacaine. Can. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2005; 12 (3): 240-5.][Mironova I. I. General clinical studies: urine, feces, cerebrospinal fluid, ejaculate. Moscow; Tver: Triada; 2009. 302. Russian@@Миронова И. И. Общеклинические исследования: моча, кал, ликвор, эякулят. М.; Тверь: Триада; 2009. 302.][Cohen M. S. The anatomy of the cauda equina on CT scans and MRI. J. Bone Joint Surg. Br. 1991; 73 (3): 381-4.]