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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Military Medical Academy Reports</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Military Medical Academy Reports</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Известия Российской Военно-медицинской академии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2713-2315</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2713-2323</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">633158</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/rmmar633158</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Научные обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Military medicine of modern hybrid wars</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Военная медицина современных гибридных войн</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>现代混合战争的军事医学</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8408-5301</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5437-3457</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ovchinnikov</surname><given-names>Dmitrii V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Овчинников</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Валерьевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Ovchinnikov</surname><given-names>Dmitrii V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук доцент</p></bio><email>dv.ovchinnikov-vma@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5582-1111</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5228-1527</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivchenko</surname><given-names>Evgeniy V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ивченко</surname><given-names>Евгений Викторович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Ivchenko</surname><given-names>Evgeniy V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>докт. мед. наук профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><email>8333535@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Military Medical Academy</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Военно-медицинская академия</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Military Medical Academy</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-11-08" publication-format="electronic"><day>08</day><month>11</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>43</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>331</fpage><lpage>340</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-06-03"><day>03</day><month>06</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-06-20"><day>20</day><month>06</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2024,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/RMMArep/article/view/633158">https://journals.eco-vector.com/RMMArep/article/view/633158</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>During the hybrid armed conflict in which Russia became involved — the Special Military Operation — the medical service of the Armed Forces faced a number of challenges. This review analyzes foreign publications indexed in PubMed® concerning the conditions and factors affecting the activities of the medical services of armed forces, primarily those of NATO countries. It was revealed that a limiting factor for operational effectiveness is the staffing levels and qualitative composition of medical personnel, their preparedness to provide care for the specific pathologies of wartime, and maintaining these competencies in an up-to-date state. Important conditions for successful provision of medical care are preserving the integrity of medical facilities during targeted attacks on them, and the ability to use infrastructure in hostile or newly occupied territories. Prehospital care serves as a limiting factor in reducing lethality, with the main causes being fatal hemorrhages and head injuries from mine-blast trauma. Proper tourniquet application, rapid evacuation, and blood transfusions make the greatest contribution to reducing prehospital mortality. Among casualties, those with limb wounds are most significant, as they subsequently create the greatest social burden on the state, exceeding the “years lived with disability” parameter for all other disease classes, including oncological and cardiovascular diseases. In modern conflicts, the most dangerous in terms of lethality are mine-blast injuries (61.4–83.5%) and head injuries (20.9–59.0%), and in terms of subsequent disease burden, limb injuries (45.7%) constitute an absolute majority and are the point of focus for the main efforts of the medical services of the warring states’ armed forces. At the same time, there are no unified approaches regarding the place of application of qualified and specialized care among countries.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В ходе гибридного вооруженного конфликта, в который оказалась вовлечена Россия, — Специальной военной операции — медицинская служба Вооруженных сил столкнулась с рядом вызовов. В настоящем обзоре проведен анализ иностранных публикаций, индексированных в PubMed® и касающихся условий и факторов деятельности медицинских служб вооруженных сил, прежде всего стран НАТО. Выявлено, что лимитирующим фактором для эффективной деятельности являются укомплектованность и качественный состав медицинских работников, их подготовленность к оказанию помощи при специфической патологии военного времени и поддержание таких компетенций в актуальном состоянии. Важными условиями успешности оказания медицинской помощи являются сохранение целостности объектов размещения медицинских подразделений при целенаправленных атаках на них, возможность использования инфраструктуры враждебной или вновь занятой территории. Догоспитальная помощь служит лимитирующим фактором снижения летальности, при этом ее основной причиной являются смертельные кровотечения и травмы головы при минно-взрывной травме. Грамотное наложение жгутов, быстрая эвакуация и гемотрансфузии вносят наибольший вклад в снижение догоспитальной летальности. Среди санитарных потерь наибольшее значение имеют раненые в конечности, т. к. они в последующем создают наибольшую социальную нагрузку на государство, превосходя по параметру «число лет, прожитых с инвалидностью» все другие классы заболеваний, включая онкологические и сердечно-сосудистые. При этом в современных конфликтах наиболее опасные с точки зрения летальности минно-взрывные ранения (61,4–83,5 %) и травмы головы (20,9–59,0 %) и с точки зрения последующего бремени болезни травмы конечностей (45,7 %) составляют абсолютное большинство и являются точкой приложения основных усилий медицинских служб вооруженных сил воюющих государств. При этом единых подходов по месту применения квалифицированной и специализированной помощи в странах нет.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>在俄罗斯参与的混合武装冲突—“特别军事行动”—过程中，武装部队的医疗服务面临着一系列挑战。本综述分析了 PubMed® 索引中涉及军队医疗服务条件和影响因素的国外出版物，主要涉及北约国家。研究表明，限制有效医疗活动的因素是医务人员的配备和素质，他们在战时条件下为特定病症提供医疗服务的准备程度，以及是否将这些能力保持在最新状态。成功提供医疗服务的关键条件还包括，在医疗单位部署设施受到有针对性的攻击时，仍能保持这些设施的完整性，并有可能利用敌占区或新占领区的基础设施。院前急救是降低死亡率的限制因素，地雷爆炸伤中的致命出血和头部伤害是主要原因。熟练使用止血带、快速撤离和输血对降低院前死亡率贡献最大。在卫生损失中肢体损伤尤为突出，因为肢体损伤随后会给国家造成最大的社会负担，按“残疾生活年数”参数计算，超过了包括癌症和心血管疾病在内的所有其他类别的疾病。在现代冲突中，地雷爆炸伤（61.4%-83.5%）和头部受伤（20.9%-59.0%）占绝对多数，它们在致死率方面最危险，而肢体受伤（45.7%）在随后的疾病负担方面最危险，它们是交战国武装部队医疗服务的主要应用点。然而，各国对实施专业和专科护理的地点并没有统一的做法。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>epidemiology</kwd><kwd>Injuries</kwd><kwd>Military Medicine</kwd><kwd>numerical data</kwd><kwd>statistics</kwd><kwd>Warfare</kwd><kwd>War-Related Injuries</kwd><kwd>War-Related mortality</kwd><kwd>Wounds</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>военная медицина</kwd><kwd>война</kwd><kwd>ранения</kwd><kwd>смертность на войне</kwd><kwd>статистика</kwd><kwd>травматизм</kwd><kwd>травмы на войне</kwd><kwd>числовые данные</kwd><kwd>эпидемиология</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>军事医学</kwd><kwd>战争</kwd><kwd>创伤</kwd><kwd>战争死亡率</kwd><kwd>统计数据</kwd><kwd>创伤</kwd><kwd>战争中的伤害</kwd><kwd>数字数据</kwd><kwd>流行病学</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khorram-Manesh A, Burkle FMJr. Civilian population victimization: a systematic review comparing humanitarian and health outcomes in conventional and hybrid warfare. 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