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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Military Medical Academy Reports</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Military Medical Academy Reports</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Известия Российской Военно-медицинской академии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2713-2315</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2713-2323</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">635899</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/rmmar635899</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Trends in Antiepileptic Drug Use in Pharmacoresistant Epilepsy</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Динамика применения антиэпилептических препаратов при фармакорезистентной эпилепсии</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title/></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7186-0054</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1303-4651</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Odintsova</surname><given-names>Galina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Одинцова</surname><given-names>Галина Вячеславовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>odintsova_gv@almazovcentre.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2667-7717</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4005-6506</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dengina</surname><given-names>Nina O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Деньгина</surname><given-names>Нина Олеговна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Pedagogical), Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. пед. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>dengina_no@almazovcentre.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2790-0191</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1854-7827</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivanova</surname><given-names>Natalia E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иванова</surname><given-names>Наталия Евгеньевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>докт. мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>ivamel@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">A.L. Polenov Russian Research Neurosurgical Institute is the branch of the Federal State Budgetary Institution “V.A. Almazov National Medical Research Center” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научно-исследовательский нейрохирургический институт им. профессора А.Л. Поленова — филиал федерального государственного бюджетного учреждения «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр им. В.А. Алмазова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-05-25" publication-format="electronic"><day>25</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>44</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>41</fpage><lpage>47</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-09-12"><day>12</day><month>09</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-11-12"><day>12</day><month>11</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2025,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2028-05-25"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/RMMArep/article/view/635899">https://journals.eco-vector.com/RMMArep/article/view/635899</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><italic>Background</italic>: Antiepileptic drugs are the cornerstone of treatment in patients with epilepsy.</p> <p><italic>AIM</italic>: to examine the spectrum of antiepileptic drugs across different generations and trends in their use over the 20th and 21st centuries.</p> <p><italic>MATERIALS AND METHODS</italic>: A retrospective observational cohort study was conducted in 2022–2024. Study population: patients with a verified diagnosis of epilepsy. Study focus: antiepileptic drug therapy. Patients with a verified diagnosis of epilepsy were divided into 2 groups: group 1 included patients from the 20th century with epilepsy duration of more than 20 years as of 2020; group 2 included patients from the 21st century with epilepsy duration of less than 20 years. The history of antiepileptic drugs use was evaluated by generation: first-generation (traditional/older), second-generation (newer), and third-generation (most recent). The frequency of first-generation antiepileptic drugs use was calculated both as a percentage and as the mean number of antiepileptic drugs per patient for the 20th and 21st centuries.</p> <p><italic>RESULTS</italic>: The study included 60 patients: group 1 comprised 28 patients and group 2, 32 patients. The mean age and disease duration in the overall cohort were 31.5±9.3 years and 19.5±9.1 years, respectively; the male-to-female ratio was 1:1. The mean number of antiepileptic drugs used per patient over time was 5.1±2.3 (range, 2–10). First-generation antiepileptic drugs were used in 61% of patients in group 1 and 42% in group 2; second-generation in 32% and 46%, respectively; and third-generation in 7% and 12%, respectively. The mean number of first-generation antiepileptic drugs per patient across the cohort was 2.2±1.5, with group-specific means of 3.1 in group 1 and 1.3 in group 2. Barbiturates accounted for 24% of prescriptions in group 1 and 5% in group 2; benzodiazepines, for 5% and 0%, respectively; valproates, for 26% in both groups; and carbamazepine, for 13% and 8%, respectively.</p> <p><italic>CONCLUSION</italic>: An increased use of newer-generation antiepileptic drugs (anticonvulsants) was observed in the 21st century, with a marked decline in older-generation drugs, primarily due to decreased use of barbiturates and benzodiazepines. Valproic acid and carbamazepine have maintained their roles in epilepsy management.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Актуальность. Антиэпилептические препараты являются краеугольным камнем лечения пациентов с эпилепсией.</p> <p>Цель — изучение спектра антиэпилептических препаратов различных поколений и динамику изменения в XX и XXI вв.</p> <p>Материалы и методы. Ретроспективное наблюдательное когортное исследование выполнено в 2022–2024 гг. Объект исследования: пациенты с эпилепсией. Предмет исследования: антиэпилептические препараты. Включены пациенты с верифицированный диагнозом «эпилепсия» в 2 группах: 1-я — XX в., длительность эпилепсии более 20 лет на 2020 г.; 2-я — XXI в., длительность менее 20 лет. Оценен анамнез антиэпилептических препаратов по трем поколениям: 1-е — старые и традиционные препараты; 2-е — новые; 3-е — новейшие препараты. Рассчитана частота применения антиэпилептических препаратов старого поколения в процентах и в среднем на одного пациента в XX и XXI вв.</p> <p>Результаты. В исследование включено 60 человек: 1-я группа — 28 пациентов; 2-я — 32. Средний возраст и длительность заболевания в когорте — 31,53±9,3 и 19,45±9,1 лет соответственно; соотношение м:ж — 1:1. Среднее количество антиэпилептических препаратов в анамнезе составило 5,1±2,3 (минимум 2, максимум 10). Антиэпилептические препараты 1-го поколения в анамнезе в 1-й группе составили 61%, во 2-й — 42; 2-го — 32 и 46; 3-го поколения — 7 и 12% соответственно. Применение антиэпилептических препаратов 1-го поколения в когорте в среднем составило 2,17±1,49 на 1 человека; в 1-й группе — 3,1, во 2-й — 1,3. Барбитураты составили 24 и 5%, бензодиазепины — 5 и 0, вальпроаты — по 26, карбамазепины — 13 и 8% соответственно.</p> <p>Заключение. Наблюдаются рост применения антиэпилептических (противосудорожных) препаратов новых поколений в XXI в. и существенное снижение доли препаратов старых генераций преимущественно за счет снижения барбитуратов и бензодиазепинов. Вальпроаты и карбамазепины сохраняют свои позиции в терапии эпилепсии в XXI в.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p/></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>antiepileptic drugs</kwd><kwd>barbiturates</kwd><kwd>benzodiazepines</kwd><kwd>valproic acid</kwd><kwd>carbamazepine</kwd><kwd>third-generation drugs</kwd><kwd>second-generation drugs</kwd><kwd>first-generation drugs</kwd><kwd>epilepsy</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>антиэпилептические препараты</kwd><kwd>барбитураты</kwd><kwd>бензодиазепины</kwd><kwd>вальпроаты</kwd><kwd>карбамазепин</kwd><kwd>новейшие препараты</kwd><kwd>препараты нового поколения</kwd><kwd>препараты старого поколения</kwd><kwd>эпилепсия</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Министерство науки и высшего образования РФ</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>122011900530-8</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Karlov VA. 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