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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Military Medical Academy Reports</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Military Medical Academy Reports</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Известия Российской Военно-медицинской академии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2713-2315</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2713-2323</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">636520</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/rmmar636520</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease: potential of <sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET as a biomarker of neurodegeneration</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Ранняя диагностика болезни Альцгеймера: возможности ПЭТ с <sup>18</sup>F-ФДГ как биомаркера нейродегенерации</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>阿尔茨海默病的早期诊断：<sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET作为神经退行性标志物的应用潜力</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4723-802X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">35773115100</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">1-8241-2016</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9650-1368</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Emelin</surname><given-names>Andrey Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Емелин</surname><given-names>Андрей Юрьевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Emelin</surname><given-names>Andrey Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>докт. мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><email>emelinand@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8988-3011</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">35734354000</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">F-9120-2013</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6112-2792</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Litvinenko</surname><given-names>Igor' V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Литвиненко</surname><given-names>Игорь Вячеславович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Litvinenko</surname><given-names>Igor' V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>докт. мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><email>litvinenkoiv@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3109-8795</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57203881632</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">I-4819-2016</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7779-3569</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lobzin</surname><given-names>Vladimir Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лобзин</surname><given-names>Владимир Юрьевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Lobzin</surname><given-names>Vladimir Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>докт. мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><email>vladimirlobzin@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7918-9227</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">НОА-9697-2023</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2986-6679</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lupanov</surname><given-names>Ivan A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лупанов</surname><given-names>Иван Александрович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Lupanov</surname><given-names>Ivan A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><email>lupanov.ia@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8657-1901</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">I-8241-2016</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3058-8088</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kolmakova</surname><given-names>Kristina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Колмакова</surname><given-names>Кристина Андреевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Kolmakova</surname><given-names>Kristina A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><email>kris_kolmakova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5006-8394</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57194607735</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">I-3470-2016</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8323-3951</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dynin</surname><given-names>Pavel S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дынин</surname><given-names>Павел Сергеевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>M. D., Ph. D. (Medicine);</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>pavdynin@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9594-9822</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">М-8449-2016</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1453-8437</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Boykov</surname><given-names>Igor' V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бойков</surname><given-names>Игорь Валерьевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>M.D., D.Sc. (Medicine); Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>докт. мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>qwertycooolt@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Military Medical Academy</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Военно-медицинская академия</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Military Medical Academy</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="kk"></institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="pt"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Military Medical Academy</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Военно-медицинская академия</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Military Medical Academy</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Saint Petersburg University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Saint Petersburg University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Military Medical Academy</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Военно-медицинская академия</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-12-08" publication-format="electronic"><day>08</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>43</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>419</fpage><lpage>427</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-09-26"><day>26</day><month>09</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-10-12"><day>12</day><month>10</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2024,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/RMMArep/article/view/636520">https://journals.eco-vector.com/RMMArep/article/view/636520</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND</bold>: Dementia is considered one of the most actual medical problems of our time, being one of the main causes of disability among the elderly, and its prevalence will only increase in the coming years. The first place among conditions leading to dementia is given to Alzheimer’s disease (up to 70%). The effectiveness of Alzheimer’s disease therapy largely depends on the timeliness of diagnosis, which leads to the need to search for diagnostic markers that allow to detect the disease at the earliest stages.</p> <p><bold>AIM</bold>: To evaluate the possibilities of using <sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease.</p> <p><bold>MATERIALS AND METHODS</bold>: Cerebral metabolism was assessed using positron emission tomography with <sup>18</sup>F-FDG. A total of 183 patients were divided into groups depending on their diagnosis and the severity of cognitive impairment.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS</bold>: A characteristic pattern of cerebral metabolic disorders has been established in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. It can be detected in the early pre-dementia stages and has developmental features as the disease progresses. The pattern was characterized by bilateral hypometabolism in the parietal and temporal cortex with a predominance in its mediobasal sections. An important marker of the development of the neurodegenerative process was a metabolic disorder of the cingulate gyrus, the posterior sections of which are affected already at the earliest stages of the disease, while the involvement of its anterior sections reflects the transition to the stage of severe dementia. Described metabolic disorders prevailed in the dominant (left) brain hemisphere at all stages of the disease.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION</bold>: Currently <sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET can be considered the most informative of the available methods for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease which have a fairly high degree of accuracy.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Актуальность</bold>. Деменция — это одна из самых важных и актуальных медицинских проблем современности, поскольку очень часто является причиной инвалидизации лиц пожилого возраста, а ее распространенность в ближайшие годы будет только увеличиваться. Первое место среди состояний, приводящих к деменции, занимает болезнь Альцгеймера (до 70 % всех деменций). Эффективность ее терапии во многом зависит от своевременности постановки диагноза, что приводит к необходимости поиска диагностических маркеров, позволяющих выявлять заболевание на максимально ранних стадиях.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования</bold>: оценить возможности применения позитронно-эмиссионной томографии с <sup>18</sup>F-ФДГ в диагностике заболеваний, сопровождающихся развитием расстройств высших корковых функций, и целесообразность использования метода в целях ранней диагностики болезни Альцгеймера.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы</bold>. Проведено комплексное обследование 183 пациентов с разной нозологией и степенью тяжести когнитивного дефицита. Метаболизм разных отделов головного мозга изучался посредством позитронно-эмиссионной томографии с <sup>18</sup>F-ФДГ, совмещенной с компьютерной томографией.</p> <p><bold>Результаты</bold>. Установлено, что у пациентов с болезнью Альцгеймера имеется характерный паттерн нарушения церебрального метаболизма, выявляемый уже на додементных стадиях, который имеет определенные закономерности развития по мере прогрессирования заболевания. Данный паттерн характеризуется билатеральным гипометаболизмом в области теменной и височной коры с преобладанием в медиобазальных ее отделах. Важным маркером развития нейродегенеративного процесса является нарушение метаболизма поясной извилины, задние отделы которой страдают уже на самых ранних стадиях заболевания, тогда как вовлечение передних ее отделов отражает переход на уровень более тяжелого когнитивного дефицита. Кроме того, в динамике развития заболевания дополнительно регистрируется вторичный гипометаболизм в затылочной коре, поясной извилине (все отделы) и лобной коре. Отмечена тенденция к преобладанию описанных метаболических нарушений в доминантном (левом) полушарии головного мозга на всех стадиях заболевания.</p> <p><bold>Заключение</bold>. Выявление определенного паттерна гипометаболизма с помощью позитронно-эмиссионной томографии с <sup>18</sup>F-ФДГ, совмещенной с компьютерной томографией, дает возможность осуществлять раннюю дифференциальную диагностику болезни Альцгеймера с достаточно высокой точностью, при этом позитронно-эмиссионная томография с <sup>18</sup>F-ФДГ является наиболее информативной из доступных для практического использования методик, отражающих начальный этап нейродегенеративных изменений.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p><bold>背景</bold>。痴呆症是当今最重要和紧迫的医学问题之一，因为它是导致老年人残疾的主要原因之一，且其发病率在未来几年内将继续增加。阿尔茨海默病是导致痴呆的主要原因，占所有痴呆病例的70％。治疗效果在很大程度上依赖于及时诊断，因此需要找到能够在早期阶段检测疾病的诊断标志物。</p> <p><bold>研究目的</bold>。评估<sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET在诊断伴随高级皮层功能障碍的疾病中的应用潜力，并验证该方法在阿尔茨海默病早期诊断中的有效性。</p> <p><bold>材料和方法</bold>。对183名具有不同疾病类型和认知缺陷程度的患者进行了综合检查。利用<sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET结合CT分析不同脑区的代谢状况。</p> <p><bold>结果</bold>。发现阿尔茨海默病患者在痴呆前阶段即存在特征性的脑代谢异常模式，且随着疾病进展呈现一定规律性。该模式表现为双侧顶叶和颞叶皮层区域的低代谢，尤其在内侧基底部区域更为显著。扣带回的代谢异常是神经退行性过程的重要标志，后部区域在疾病最早期即受到影响，而前部区域受累则标志着更严重的认知缺陷。此外，随着疾病的进展，还观察到枕叶皮层、全扣带回以及额叶皮层的继发性低代谢。代谢异常在大脑优势半球（左半球）更为显著。</p> <p><bold>结论</bold>。通过<sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET结合CT检测特定的低代谢模式，可以实现阿尔茨海默病的早期鉴别诊断， 并具有较高的准确性。<sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET是目前临床实践中识别神经退行性变化早期阶段的最具信息量的方法之一。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Alzheimer’s disease</kwd><kwd>cerebral metabolism</kwd><kwd>cognitive disorders</kwd><kwd>dementia</kwd><kwd>neuroimaging</kwd><kwd>positron emission tomography</kwd><kwd>mild cognitive impairment</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>болезнь Альцгеймера</kwd><kwd>деменция</kwd><kwd>когнитивные расстройства</kwd><kwd>нейровизуализация</kwd><kwd>позитронно-эмиссионная томография</kwd><kwd>церебральный метаболизм</kwd><kwd>умеренное когнитивное расстройство</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>阿尔茨海默病</kwd><kwd>痴呆</kwd><kwd>认知障碍</kwd><kwd>神经影像学</kwd><kwd>正电子发射断层扫描</kwd><kwd>脑代谢</kwd><kwd>轻度认知障碍</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Knopman DS, Amieva H, Petersen RC, et al. 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