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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Military Medical Academy Reports</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Military Medical Academy Reports</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Известия Российской Военно-медицинской академии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2713-2315</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2713-2323</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">641798</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/rmmar641798</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Evaluation of the Safety and Efficacy of Chitosan-Based Hemostatic Sponges in a Chronic Large-Animal Model</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Оценка безопасности и эффективности гемостатических губок на основе хитозана в хроническом эксперименте на крупных животных</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title/></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5041-7267</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7060-1221</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Yudin</surname><given-names>Andrey B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Юдин</surname><given-names>Андрей Борисович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>yudin_a73@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9977-6543</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7386-3225</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nosov</surname><given-names>Artem M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Носов</surname><given-names>Артем Михайлович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>artem_svu06@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5966-3026</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4104-5195</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Volkova</surname><given-names>Marina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Волкова</surname><given-names>Марина Викторовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><email>biotech.volkova@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5437-1163</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7549-2959</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Demchenko</surname><given-names>Konstantin N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Демченко</surname><given-names>Константин Николаевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>phantom964@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8495-4503</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3602-4328</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhabin</surname><given-names>Anatoliy V</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жабин</surname><given-names>Анатолий Валерьевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>zhabin.anatolij@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9312-3884</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1037-3860</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zaychikov</surname><given-names>Denis A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зайчиков</surname><given-names>Денис Александрович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>dazai@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6205-142X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Andreev</surname><given-names>Nikolai Y.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Андреев</surname><given-names>Николай Юрьевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>andreevny02@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8561-5040</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kovalevsky</surname><given-names>Yan B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ковалевский</surname><given-names>Ян Борисович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>ceo.orion@orionchem.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">State Scientific Research Test Institute of the Military Medicine</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Государственный научно-исследовательский испытательный институт военной медицины МО РФ</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Military Medical Academy</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Военно-медицинская академия</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Chemical company “Orion”</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Химическая компания «Орион»</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-05-25" publication-format="electronic"><day>25</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>44</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>19</fpage><lpage>26</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-11-12"><day>12</day><month>11</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-12-12"><day>12</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2025,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2028-05-25"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/RMMArep/article/view/641798">https://journals.eco-vector.com/RMMArep/article/view/641798</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><italic>Background</italic>: The development of agents aimed at achieving hemostasis in parenchymal organ bleeding remains one of the current challenges in medicine. Chitosan-based sponges are considered a promising approach to achieving effective hemostasis. The safety of these products was previously demonstrated in a 60-day experiment in rats.</p> <p><italic>AIM</italic>: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of chitosan-based hemostatic sponge samples in a standardized liver trauma model in pigs during a long-term experiment.</p> <p><italic>MATERIALS AND METHODS</italic>: The study was conducted in three same-sex pigs. A standardized model of intraperitoneal bleeding was created using laparoscopic access, followed by the application of a chitosan-based hemostatic sponge, which was left in the abdominal cavity for the entire duration of the experiment. The animals were observed for 60 days, during which general condition, body weight, and complete blood count were monitored. On day 30, repeat laparoscopy was performed to visually inspect the trauma site. At the end of the observation period, the animals were euthanized.</p> <p><italic>RESULTS</italic>: The hemostatic sponge provided complete hemostasis of parenchymal bleeding, with no recurrence of bleeding. No behavioral abnormalities were observed in animals throughout the entire experiment. Blood parameters remained within reference ranges. On day 30, repeat laparoscopy revealed adhesion formation and encapsulation of the hemostatic sponge in the peritoneal cavity. Histological examination of liver tissue on day 60 revealed an increased number of inflammatory cells at the site of contact with the hemostatic sponge. Maturation of granulomatous connective tissue in the liver was also observed, suggesting active wound healing.</p> <p><italic>CONCLUSION</italic>: The developed chitosan-based hemostatic sponge demonstrated both efficacy and biocompatibility, which allow it to remain in the abdominal cavity throughout medical evacuation. However, subsequent removal is recommended to prevent adhesion formation and potential peritoneal inflammation.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Актуальность. Одной из актуальных задач медицины остается разработка средств для остановки кровотечений из паренхиматозных органов. Для достижения эффективного гемостаза могут быть использованы губки на основе хитозана. Ранее безопасность данных изделий была подтверждена в 60-дневном эксперименте на крысах.</p> <p>Цель исследования — определить эффективность и безопасность использования образцов гемостатических губок при стандартизированной травме печени у свиней в длительном эксперименте.</p> <p>Материалы и методы. Исследование проводилось на трех однополых свиньях. Моделирование внутрибрюшного кровотечения с последующим применением гемостатического средства осуществлялось с помощью лапароскопического доступа. После применения губку оставляли в брюшной полости на все время эксперимента. Животные оставались под наблюдением в течение 60 сут. В этот период осуществлялся мониторинг общего состояния, массы тела, показателей общего анализа крови. Через 30 сут проводилась визуальная оценка места травмы путем выполнения повторной лапароскопии. По окончании периода наблюдения животных выводили из эксперимента.</p> <p>Результаты. Гемостатическая губка обеспечила полную остановку паренхиматозного кровотечения, рецидива не установлено. Отклонений в поведении во время всего эксперимента у животных не выявлено. Отклонений в показателях крови животных не выявлено. Через 30 сут наблюдения при повторной лапароскопии выявлено образование спаек и инкапсулирование гемостатического материала в брюшной полости. По результатам микроскопического анализа гистологических срезов через 60 сут установлено повышенное количество воспалительных клеток в месте контакта губки с тканями печени. Также наблюдалось созревание гранулематозной соединительной ткани печени, что свидетельствует об активном заживлении раны.</p> <p>Заключение. Разработанная гемостатическая губка обладает эффективностью и биосовместимостью, что позволяет оставлять ее в брюшной полости на все время медицинской эвакуации, однако в дальнейшем губка требует удаления из брюшной полости с целью предотвращения образования спаечного процесса и вероятного развития воспалительной реакции брюшины.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p/></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>biocompatibility</kwd><kwd>intraperitoneal bleeding</kwd><kwd>inflammatory response</kwd><kwd>hemostasis</kwd><kwd>chitosan lactate</kwd><kwd>topical hemostatic agent</kwd><kwd>liver trauma</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>биосовместимость</kwd><kwd>внутрибрюшное кровотечение</kwd><kwd>воспалительная реакция</kwd><kwd>гемостаз</kwd><kwd>лактат хитозана</kwd><kwd>местное гемостатическое средство</kwd><kwd>травма печени</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Chizhikov GM, Bezhin AI, Ivanov AV, et al. 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