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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Military Medical Academy Reports</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Military Medical Academy Reports</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Известия Российской Военно-медицинской академии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2713-2315</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2713-2323</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">695924</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/rmmar695924</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Discussion</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Дискуссии</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Unknown</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Rhombencephalosynapsis. Unresolved issues of a rare anomaly</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Ромбэнцефалосинапсис. Нерешенные вопросы редкой аномалии</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title/></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5224-1717</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5832-4224</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gafiatulin</surname><given-names>Marat R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гафиатулин</surname><given-names>Марат Риатович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>2nd year resident</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач-ординатор 2 года обучения</p></bio><email>Gafiatulin_2000@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8351-9216</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2422-5191</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kamyshanskaya</surname><given-names>Irina G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Камышанская</surname><given-names>Ирина Григорьевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Kamyshanskaya</surname><given-names>Irina G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р. мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor</p></bio><email>irinaka@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3085-9964</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7722-7418</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kudashkina</surname><given-names>Aleksandra S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кудашкина</surname><given-names>Александра Сергеевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Head of the Radiation Diagnostics Center, radiologist of the highest category, assistant of the Department of Radiation Diagnostics at the St. Petersburg State University Medical Institute, Head of the Department of Radiation Diagnostics. </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Руководитель Центра лучевой диагностики, врач-рентгенолог высшей категории, ассистент кафедры лучевой диагностики медицинского института СПБГУ, заведующая отделением лучевой диагностики</p></bio><email>alkudashkina@gmail.com</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7568-465X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shekhtman</surname><given-names>Konstantin V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шехтман</surname><given-names>Константин Владиславович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Radiologist, Head of the MRI Department</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач-рентгенолог, заведующий отделением МРТ</p></bio><email>Schehtmankonstantin@mail.ru</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0037-2854</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57204629827</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2794-6820</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ryazanov</surname><given-names>Vladimir V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рязанов</surname><given-names>Владимир Викторович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>докт. мед. наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой современных методов диагностики и радиолучевой терапии им. профессора С. А. Рейнберга</p></bio><email>79219501454@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9295-9821</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5597-7266</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gozheva</surname><given-names>Alla R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гожева</surname><given-names>Алла Романовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>2nd year resident</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач-ординатор 2 года обучения</p></bio><email>gozhevaaa@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2320-0888</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8657-6172</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Fetisova</surname><given-names>Nadezhda S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фетисова</surname><given-names>Надежда Сергеевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>4th year student at the Pediatric Faculty</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>студентка 4 курса педиатрического факультета</p></bio><email>nadejda2019@icloud.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3091-8968</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2992-5173</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mitrofanov</surname><given-names>Daniil R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Митрофанов</surname><given-names>Даниил Русланович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>2nd year student at the Institute of Fundamental Medicine</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>студент 2 курса института фундаментальной медицины</p></bio><email>daniilmitrofanov85@gmail.com</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6791-518X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57204633567</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3115-7430</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sadykova</surname><given-names>Gulnaz K.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Садыкова</surname><given-names>Гульназ Камальдиновна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>M.D., Ph.D. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, сотрудник кафедры современных методов диагностики и радиолучевой терапии им. профессора С. А. Рейнберга</p></bio><email>kokonya1980@mail.ru</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9755-1906</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57221996886</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5760-0218</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kutsenko</surname><given-names>Valery P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Куценко</surname><given-names>Валерий Петрович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Department of Modern Diagnostic Methods and Radiotherapy named after Professor S. A. Reinberg</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук, сотрудник кафедры современных методов диагностики и радиолучевой терапии им. профессора С. А. Рейнберга</p></bio><email>val9126@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0359-5831</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">59366432600</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3508-2360</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khodkevich</surname><given-names>Ilya S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ходкевич</surname><given-names>Илья Сергеевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Врач-рентгенолог</p></bio><email>hishimiya@mail.ru</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9065-8657</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1500-4344</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Belokhov</surname><given-names>Nikolai V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Белохов</surname><given-names>Николай Вячеславович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач-рентгенолог</p></bio><email>n.vyacheslavovich@internet.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский государственный педиатрический медицинский университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Saint Petersburg State University, Mariinskaya Hospital</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Saint Petersburg State University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">СПБ ГБУЗ «Городская Мариинская больница»</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Saint Petersburg State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Mariinskaya Hospital</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">СПБ ГБУЗ «Городская Мариинская больница»</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Mariinskaya Hospital</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff6"><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">СПБ ГБУЗ «Городская Мариинская больница»</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff7"><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский государственный педиатрический медицинский университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff8"><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский государственный педиатрический медицинский университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="en">The Northwestern State Medical University named after I. I. Mechnikov</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff9"><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Северо-Западный государственный медицинский университет имени И. И. Мечникова</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff10"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">S. M. Kirov Military Medical Academy</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский государственный педиатрический медицинский университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff11"><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Военно-медицинская академия имени С.М.Кирова</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff12"><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский государственный педиатрический медицинский университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="en">S. M. Kirov Military Medical Academy</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff13"><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Военно-медицинская академия имени С.М.Кирова</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff id="aff14"><institution>Санкт-Петербургский государственный педиатрический медицинский университет</institution></aff><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-07-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>45</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-11-14"><day>14</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-01-31"><day>31</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; , Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; , Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; ,</copyright-statement><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2029-08-04"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/RMMArep/article/view/695924">https://journals.eco-vector.com/RMMArep/article/view/695924</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p> </p><p>Rhombencephalosynapsis (RES) is a rare anomaly of cerebellar development, which remains a diagnostic problem in the work of a radiologist. Important unresolved issues are its true prevalence, frequent diagnostic omissions in adult patients with dominant psychiatric symptoms, as well as the range of characteristic combined MRI findings. Based on the analysis of 41 publications (summarizing 72 cases), the article systematized the most common concomitant anomalies: agenesis of the transparent septum (46%), hydrocephalus (39%), anomalies of the corpus callosum (37.5%). The key role remains for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which is emphasized by the example of a 35-year-old patient with a resistant psychiatric disorder, whose RES was missed during the initial MRI examination and revealed only with a targeted reanalysis. The article briefly presents the available information on the prevalence and genetic predisposition of rhombencephalosynapsis, illustrates MRI images of patients from the literature, as well as their own observations. The authors emphasize the importance of increasing radiologists' alertness to RES in order to minimize diagnostic errors in children and adults, and therefore have developed recommendations for analyzing MRI images of the brain when detecting the above-described patterns.</p> </abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p> </p><p>Ромбэнцефалосинапсис (РЭС) — редкая аномалия развития мозжечка, остающаяся диагностической проблемой в работе врача-рентгенолога. Важными нерешенными вопросами являются его истинная распространенность, частые диагностические пропуски у взрослых пациентов с доминирующей психиатрической симптоматикой, а также спектр характерных сочетанных МРТ-находок. На основе анализа 41 публикации (обобщающей 72 случая) в статье систематизированы наиболее частые сопутствующие аномалии: агенезия прозрачной перегородки (46%), гидроцефалия (39%), аномалии мозолистого тела (37,5%). Ключевая роль остается за магнитно-резонансной томографией (МРТ), что подчеркивается на примере случая пациента 35 лет с резистентным психиатрическим расстройством, у которого РЭС был пропущен при первичном МРТ-исследовании и выявлен лишь при целенаправленном повторном анализе. В рамках статьи кратко представлены имеющиеся сведения о распространенности и генетической предрасположенности ромбэнцефалосинапсиса, проиллюстрированы МРТ изображения пациентов из литературы, а также собственное наблюдение. Авторы работы акцентируют важность повышения настороженности рентгенологов в отношении РЭС для минимизации диагностических ошибок у детей и взрослых, в связи с чем сформированы рекомендации по анализу МРТ изображений головного мозга при выявлении вышеописанных паттернов.</p> </trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p/></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>rhombencephalosynapsis, agenesis of the cerebellar worm, clinical case, cerebellar abnormalities</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ромбэнцефалосинапсис, агенезия червя мозжечка, клинический случай, аномалии мозжечка</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Chemli J, Bolle S, Chemli R, et al. Rhombencephalosynapsis diagnosed in childhood: clinical and MRI findings. 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