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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Ecological genetics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Ecological genetics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Экологическая генетика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1811-0932</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2411-9202</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">10286</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/ecogen16461-74</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Genetic basis of ecosystems evolution</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Генетические основы эволюции экосистем</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Medicago lupulina lines with defects in the development of efficient arbuscular mycorrhiza</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Линии medicago lupulina с отклонениями в развитии эффективной арбускулярной микоризы</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2231-6466</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">56835374200</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">A-8513-2014</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9909-4280</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Yurkov</surname><given-names>Andrey P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Юрков</surname><given-names>Андрей Павлович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Biology, Assistant Professor, Senior Researcher, Laboratory No 4</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, доцент, старший научный сотрудник лаборатории № 4</p></bio><email>yurkovandrey@yandex.ru</email><uri>https://vk.com/andreyyurkov</uri><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0387-5024</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3384-4130</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Jacobi</surname><given-names>Lidija M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Якоби</surname><given-names>Лидия Михайловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Research Scientist, Laboratory No 4</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>научный сотрудник лаборатории № 4</p></bio><email>Iidija-jacobi@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">All-Russian Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ «Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт сельскохозяйственной микробиологии»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Saint Petersburg State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2018-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>16</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>61</fpage><lpage>74</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2018-10-09"><day>09</day><month>10</month><year>2018</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2018-11-16"><day>16</day><month>11</month><year>2018</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2018, Yurkov A.P., Jacobi L.M.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2018, Юрков А.П., Якоби Л.М.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2018</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Yurkov A.P., Jacobi L.M.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Юрков А.П., Якоби Л.М.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/ecolgenet/article/view/10286">https://journals.eco-vector.com/ecolgenet/article/view/10286</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background</bold>. The work is aimed to solve actual problems in biology of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM). Currently, a lot of mutants had been obtained in various plant model objects with defects in genes controlling AM development, however, the mechanisms controlling development of effective AM symbiosis are still unclear.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods</bold>. The authors conducted a mutagenesis in Medicago lupulina, a new convenient model plant for molecular-genetic studies. High mycotrophic M. lupulina line have early and high response to mycorrhization, high seed production, as well as signs of dwarfism under conditions without of AM and low level of phosphorus available for plants. This method allows visually to identify plant lines with defects in AM symbiosis.</p> <p><bold>Results</bold>. 14 modes for mutagenesis by ethylmethanesulfonate were conducted. Usage of 3 mutagenesis modes allowed to obtain: productive M1 progeny with high part of viable seedlings (73.3%–86.0%); 1405 plants in M2 progeny.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion</bold>. According to population analysis for mutant plants in M2 progeny (up to M9 generation) 15 plant lines were selected: one Myc– plant line unable to form AM symbiosis, 4 Pen– plant lines unable to form AM symbiosis, but characterized by appressoria formation; 3 Rmd– plant lines forming low-activity ineffective AM symbiosis; 3 Rmd– plant lines forming low-activity effective AM and 4 Rmd++ plant lines forming effective AM with high abundance of symbiotic structures (mycelium/arbuscules/vesicles) in the roots.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Работа направлена на решение актуальной проблемы биологии развития арбускулярной микоризы (АМ). В настоящее время получено множество мутантов на различных растительных модельных объектах по генам, контролирующим стадии развития АМ, тем не менее до сих пор неясны механизмы, контролирующие развитие эффективного АМ-симбиоза. Авторами проведен мутагенез люцерны хмелевидной (Medicago lupulina L.) — нового удобного объекта для молекулярно-генетических исследований. Используемая облигатно микотрофная линия M. lupulina обладает ранним и высоким откликом на микоризацию, высокой продуктивностью семян, а также признаками карликовости при росте без АМ на субстратах с низким содержанием доступного для питания растений фосфора, что позволяет визуально выявлять линии с отклонениями в развитии АМ-симбиоза. Проверено 14 режимов мутагенеза этилметансульфонатом. Три способа мутагенеза позволили получить продуктивное потомство М1 с долей жизнеспособных проростков 73,3–86,0 %, а также 1405 растений потомства М2. По результатам анализа популяции мутагенизированных растений М2 (вплоть до поколения М9) отобраны 15 линий: 1 Myc–-растение, не образующее АМ; 4 Pen–-растения, не образующих АМ, но образующих апрессории; 3 Rmd–-растения, образующих низкоактивную неэффективную АМ; 3 Rmd–-растения, образующих низкоактивную, но эффективную АМ, и 4 Rmd++-растения, образующих эффективную АМ с высокими показателями обилия симбиотических структур (мицелия/арбускул/везикул) в корне.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>arbuscular mycorrhiza</kwd><kwd>Medicago lupulina</kwd><kwd>Rhizophagus irregularis</kwd><kwd>ethylmethanesulfonate</kwd><kwd>mutagenesis</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>арбускулярная микориза</kwd><kwd>Medicago lupulina</kwd><kwd>Rhizophagus irregularis</kwd><kwd>этилметансульфонат</kwd><kwd>мутагенез</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Foundation for Fundamental Investigations</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский фонд фундаментальных исследований</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id></award-id></award-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Saint Petersburg State University</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id></award-id></award-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">All-Russian Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ «Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт сельскохозяйственной микробиологии»</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id></award-id></award-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">-</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">-</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Remy W, Taylor TN, Hass H, Kerp H. 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