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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Ecological genetics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Ecological genetics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Экологическая генетика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1811-0932</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2411-9202</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">11075</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/ecogen17323-38</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Genetic basis of ecosystems evolution</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Генетические основы эволюции экосистем</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Sinorhizobium meliloti: chromosomal types and genomic islands</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Sinorhizobium meliloti: хромосомные типы и геномные острова</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1873-9674</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57191569585</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">C-9626-2017</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5341-5736</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Cherkasova</surname><given-names>Mariia E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Черкасова</surname><given-names>Мария Евгеньевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Research Engineer, Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Microorganisms</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>инж.-исследователь, лаб. генетики и селекции микроорганизмов</p></bio><email>mariiacherkasova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1979-0853</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">56149831800</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">K-5378-2013</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7138-6763</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Muntyan</surname><given-names>Victoria S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мунтян</surname><given-names>Виктория Спартаковна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior Researcher, Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Microorganisms</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>м.н.с, лаб. генетики и селекции микроорганизмов</p></bio><email>vucovar@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8547-4904</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57196477431</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">H-8830-2017</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5832-1676</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Saksaganskaia</surname><given-names>Alla S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Саксаганская</surname><given-names>Алла Сергеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Research Engineer, Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Microorganisms</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>инж.-исследователь, лаб. генетики и селекции микроорганизмов</p></bio><email>allasaksaganskaya@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6893-557X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">7003687173</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">H-8898-2017</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6859-1141</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Simarov</surname><given-names>Boris V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Симаров</surname><given-names>Борис Васильевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Biology, Professor, Principal Researcher, Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Microorganisms</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>проф., д.б.н., глав.н.с., лаб. генетики и селекции микроорганизмов</p></bio><email>genet@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5582-6473</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">6506571716</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">G-3628-2016</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5470-9527</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Roumiantseva</surname><given-names>Marina L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Румянцева</surname><given-names>Марина Львовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Candidate of Biology), Leading Researcher, Head of the Laboratory, Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Microorganisms</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., в.н.с.-зав.лаб., лаб. генетики и селекции микроорганизмов</p></bio><email>mroumiantseva@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Federal State Budget Scientific Institution All-Russian Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральное государственное бюджетное научное учреждение «Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт сельскохозяйственной микробиологии»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2019-07-03" publication-format="electronic"><day>03</day><month>07</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2019-09-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>09</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>17</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>23</fpage><lpage>38</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2019-02-15"><day>15</day><month>02</month><year>2019</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2019-07-03"><day>03</day><month>07</month><year>2019</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2019, Cherkasova M.E., Muntyan V.S., Saksaganskaia A.S., Simarov B.V., Roumiantseva M.L.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2019, Черкасова М.Е., Мунтян В.С., Саксаганская А.С., Симаров Б.В., Румянцева М.Л.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Cherkasova M.E., Muntyan V.S., Saksaganskaia A.S., Simarov B.V., Roumiantseva M.L.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Черкасова М.Е., Мунтян В.С., Саксаганская А.С., Симаров Б.В., Румянцева М.Л.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/ecolgenet/article/view/11075">https://journals.eco-vector.com/ecolgenet/article/view/11075</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background.</bold> Polymorphism analysis was done for the core genome sequences of nodule bacteria of <italic>S. meliloti</italic> species in order to identify chromosomal types and to evaluate the occurrence of accessory elements (genomic islands) in them.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods. </bold>Chromosomal studied loci were: <italic>bet</italic>BC (marker M-I) and <italic>SMc</italic>04407-<italic>SMc</italic>04881 (marker M-II) both are related to metabolic processes and stress tolerance, and 16S-23S intergenic sequences (marker M-III) to search phylogenetical distance at intraspecies level.</p> <p><bold>Results.</bold> Significant differences between the occurrence of alleles of gene-markers M-I/M-II and MIII were determined between strains related to tested the 5 typical groups and 9 subgroups of strains differing by geographical region/source (nodule, soil) of isolation, as well as by salt tolerance. Four chromosomal types were identified among tested <italic>S. meliloti</italic> native isolates and a preference occurence of one of the three islands Rm1021 in links with particular chromosomal type was shown. The significant prevalence of strains with particular chromosomal type was shown for <italic>S. meliloti</italic> populations native to centers of alfalfa diversity at the NE of Caucasus, as well as at NE of Kazakhstan (Aral sea related region), as well as in agrocenoses. <bold>Conclusion.</bold> It was predicted that strains inherited altered markers M-I/M-II may belong to divergent clonal lines occured in both centers of alfalfa diversity, while strains with altered sequences of all three markers could be a representatives of a new <italic>S. meliloti</italic> biovar(s), the formation of which is occurred much more intensively at the modern center of the introgressive hybridization of alfalfa at NE of Kazakhstan.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Выполнен анализ полиморфизма последовательностей корового генома клубеньковых бактерий <italic>S. meliloti</italic> с целью выявления хромосомных типов и оценки встречаемости в них геномных островов, рассматриваемых как акцессорные элементы хромосомы. В результате сопряженного анализа генов-маркеров M-I (<italic>bet</italic>BC) и M-II (<italic>SMc</italic>04407-<italic>SMc</italic>04881), продукты которых задействованы в клеточном метаболизме и вовлечены в процессы формирования стрессоустойчивости, а также последовательностей маркера M-III (IGS <italic>rrs-rrl</italic>), используемых в филогенетических исследованиях на уровне вида, были выявлены достоверные различия между пятью типическими группами и девятью подгруппами штаммов, различавшихся по району и источнику выделения, а также по солеустойчивости. Определены четыре хромосомных типа и показана предпочтительность наличия одного из трех островов Rm1021 в каждом из них. Установлены достоверные различия по встречаемости штаммов, имевших определенный хромосомный тип в очагах разнообразия люцерны, расположенных в северных районах Кавказа и Казахстана (Приаралье), а также в агроценозах. Сделано заключение, что штаммы с измененными маркерами M-I/M-II могут относиться к дивергентным клональным линиям, тогда как штаммы с измененным маркером M-III, а также маркерами M-I/M-II могут являться представителями нового(ых) биовара(ов) клубеньковых бактерий люцерны, который(ые) формируется(ются) значительно активнее в современном центре интрогрессивной гибридизации люцерн в Приаралье.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Sinorhizobium meliloti</kwd><kwd>полиморфизм хромосомных маркеров</kwd><kwd>хромосомные типы</kwd><kwd>геномные острова</kwd><kwd>ПЦР-анализ</kwd><kwd>солеустойчивость</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Sinorhizobium meliloti</kwd><kwd>chromosomal markers polymorphism</kwd><kwd>chromosomal types</kwd><kwd>genomic islands</kwd><kwd>PCR analysis</kwd><kwd>salt tolerance</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный фонд</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id></award-id></award-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Foundation for Basic Research</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский фонд фундаментальных исследований</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id></award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Young JP, Crossman LC, Johnston AW, et al. 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