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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Ecological genetics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Ecological genetics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Экологическая генетика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1811-0932</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2411-9202</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">110866</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/ecogen110866</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Genetic basis of ecosystems evolution</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Генетические основы эволюции экосистем</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Genetic structure and differentiation of Scots pine (<italic>Pinus sylvestris</italic> L.) populations in the Middle and Upper Volga Regions</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Генетическая структура и дифференциация популяций сосны обыкновенной (<italic>Pinus sylvestris</italic> L.) в Среднем и Верхнем Поволжье</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7507-8588</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57219486493</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2215-3308</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sheikina</surname><given-names>Olga V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шейкина</surname><given-names>Ольга Викторовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Agricultural), Assistant Professor, Department of Forest Crops, Breeding and Biotechnology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. с.-х. наук, доцент, кафедра лесных культур, селекции и биотехнологии</p></bio><email>ShejkinaOV@volgatech.net</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Volga State University of Technology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Поволжский государственный технологический университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2022-11-01" publication-format="electronic"><day>01</day><month>11</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-12-24" publication-format="electronic"><day>24</day><month>12</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>20</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>261</fpage><lpage>270</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-09-10"><day>10</day><month>09</month><year>2022</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2022-11-01"><day>01</day><month>11</month><year>2022</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2022, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2022, ООО "Эко-Вектор"</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ООО "Эко-Вектор"</copyright-holder></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/ecolgenet/article/view/110866">https://journals.eco-vector.com/ecolgenet/article/view/110866</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><italic><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold></italic> Due to broad geographical and ecological distribution of Scots pine we witness the shaping of a significant species heterogeneity. There is a demand in researching the features of the genetic structure and differentiation of Scots pine populations in different parts of the range.</p> <p><italic><bold>MATERIALS AND METHODS:</bold></italic> 12 populations were scrutinized with the use of ISSR markers. The genetic structure was assessed by estimating basic indicators of genetic diversity (the number of alleles per locus, the number of effective alleles, and the expected heterozygosity) and by the analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA). Genetic differentiation was assessed by Nei’s <italic>G</italic><sub>ST</sub> statistic, Mantel test, Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA), and creating a tree diagram.</p> <p><italic><bold>RESULTS:</bold></italic> Populations that grow on the right bank of the Volga in the northern and central parts of the Volga Uplands are characterized by a higher genetic diversity (<italic>N</italic><sub>a</sub> = 1.84–1.89; <italic>N</italic><sub>e</sub> = 1.34–1.39; <italic>H</italic><sub>e</sub> = 0.217–0.241) and a lower subdivision (<italic>G</italic><sub>ST</sub> = 0.092). Populations that grow on the left bank proved lower rates of genetic variability (<italic>N</italic><sub>a</sub> = 1.68–1.81; <italic>N</italic><sub>e</sub> = 1.27–1.35; <italic>H</italic><sub>e</sub> = 0.174–0.218) while the divergence was higher (<italic>G</italic><sub>ST</sub> = 0.179). Much of the genetic variability is within the populations (more than 80%).</p> <p><italic><bold>CONCLUSIONS:</bold></italic> The study determined differences in the genetic structure and the degree of differentiation of Scots pine populations, that grow on different banks of the Volga in the Middle and Upper Volga Regions.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><italic><bold>Актуальность.</bold></italic> Широкое географическое и экологическое распространение сосны обыкновенной обеспечили формирование значительной гетерогенности вида. Необходимы исследования, направленные на изучение особенностей генетической структуры и дифференциации популяций сосны обыкновенной в разных частях ареала.</p> <p><italic><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold></italic> На основе ISSR-маркеров изучено 12 популяций. Оценка генетической структуры выполнена на основе расчета основных показателей генетического разнообразия (число аллелей на локус, число эффективных аллелей, ожидаемая гетерозиготность) и с помощью анализа молекулярной вариансы (AMOVA). Генетическая дифференциация оценивалась с применением <italic>G</italic><sub>ST</sub>-статистики Нея, теста Мантеля, анализа главных координат (PСoA) и построения дендрограммы.</p> <p><italic><bold>Результаты.</bold></italic> Популяции, произрастающие на правом берегу р. Волги в северной и центральной части Приволжской возвышенности, отличаются более высоким генетическим разнообразием (<italic>N</italic><sub>a</sub> = 1,84–1,89; <italic>N</italic><sub>e</sub> = 1,34–1,39; <italic>H</italic><sub>e</sub> = 0,217–0,241) и меньшей подразделенностью (<italic>G</italic><sub>ST</sub> = 0,092). Для левобережных популяций установлены более низкие показатели генетической изменчивости (<italic>N</italic><sub>a</sub> = 1,68–1,81; <italic>N</italic><sub>e</sub> = 1,27–1,35; <italic>H</italic><sub>e</sub> = 0,174–0,218) и более высокая дивергенция (<italic>G</italic><sub>ST</sub> = 0,179). Основная часть генетической изменчивости находится внутри популяций (более 80 %).</p> <p><italic><bold>Заключение.</bold></italic> Выявлены различия по генетической структуре и степени дифференциации популяций сосны обыкновенной, произрастающих на разных берегах р. Волги в Среднем и Верхнем Поволжье.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Pinus sylvestris</kwd><kwd>populations</kwd><kwd>genetic diversity</kwd><kwd>differentiation</kwd><kwd>ISSR-markers</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Pinus sylvestris</kwd><kwd>популяции</kwd><kwd>генетическое разнообразие</kwd><kwd>дифференциация</kwd><kwd>ISSR-маркеры</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Министерство науки и высшего образования РФ</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>075-15-2021-674</award-id></award-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Центр коллективного пользования «Экология, биотехнологии и процессы получения экологически чистых энергоносителей» Поволжского государственного технологического университета</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Core Facility Centre “Ecology, biotechnologies and processes for obtaining environmentally friendly energy carriers” of Volga State University of Technology</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>075-15-2021-674</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Debreczy Z, Racz I, Musia K. 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