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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Ecological genetics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Ecological genetics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Экологическая генетика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1811-0932</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2411-9202</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">11359</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/ecogen1715-10</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Genetic basis of ecosystems evolution</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Генетические основы эволюции экосистем</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The state of art and prospects for development of symbiogenetics</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Современное состояние и перспективы развития симбиогенетики</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9091-9384</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">6701639336</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4548-1255</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Provorov</surname><given-names>Nikolai A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Проворов</surname><given-names>Николай Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Biology, Director </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук, директор</p></bio><email>provorovnik@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8968-854X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">6701578749</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">C-1744-2014</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6685-9419</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tikhonovich</surname><given-names>Igor A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тихонович</surname><given-names>Игорь Анатольевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sc.D., Professor PI, Academician of RAS</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук, научный руководитель института, академик РАН</p></bio><email>arriam2008@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ «Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт сельскохозяйственной микробиологии»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2019-04-01" publication-format="electronic"><day>01</day><month>04</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2019-03-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>03</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>17</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>5</fpage><lpage>10</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2019-03-13"><day>13</day><month>03</month><year>2019</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2019-03-13"><day>13</day><month>03</month><year>2019</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2019, Provorov N.A., Tikhonovich I.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2019, Проворов Н.А., Тихонович И.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Provorov N.A., Tikhonovich I.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Проворов Н.А., Тихонович И.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/ecolgenet/article/view/11359">https://journals.eco-vector.com/ecolgenet/article/view/11359</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The modern stage of development of symbiogenetics, a biological discipline that addresses the formation of super-species genetic systems, is associated with the study of molecular mechanisms and environmental consequences of combining the hereditary factors of prokaryotes and eukaryotes into functionally integrated symbiogenomes, which, as partners lose their ability to autonomous existence, are transformed into structurally integrated hologenomes. The loss by intracellular symbionts of eukaryotes of their genetic individuality, determined by the ability to independently maintain and express the genome, representing a key step in symbiogenesis which results in the transformation of bacteria into cellular organelles. Genetic reconstruction of symbiogenesis provides the broad prospects for its artificial reproduction aimed at the synthesis of new organisms and biosystems possessing the predetermined sets of practically significant features.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Современный этап развития симбиогенетики — биологической дисциплины, изучающей формирование надорганизменных генетических систем, — связан с изучением молекулярных механизмов и экологических последствий объединения наследственных факторов прокариот и эукариот в функционально интегрированные симбиогеномы, которые по мере утраты партнерами способности к автономному существованию преобразуются в структурно интегрированные хологеномы. Потеря внутриклеточными симбионтами эукариот генетической индивидуальности, определяемой способностью к самостоятельному поддержанию и экспрессии генома, является ключевым этапом симбиогенеза и знаменует преобразование бактерий в клеточные органеллы. Генетическая реконструкция симбиогенеза открывает широкие перспективы для его искусственного воспроизведения, которое направлено на синтез новых организмов и биосистем, обладающих заданным комплексом практически значимых признаков.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>symbiogenetics</kwd><kwd>interactions of prokaryotes and eukaryotes</kwd><kwd>theory of symbiogenesis</kwd><kwd>hologenome and symbio genome</kwd><kwd>symbiotic nitrogen fixation</kwd><kwd>intracellular symbionts</kwd><kwd>symbiosomes and cellular organelles</kwd><kwd>synthetic biology</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>симбиогенетика</kwd><kwd>взаимодействие прокариот и эукариот</kwd><kwd>теория симбиогенеза</kwd><kwd>хологеном и симбиогеном</kwd><kwd>симбиотическая азотфиксация</kwd><kwd>внутриклеточные симбионты</kwd><kwd>симбиосомы и клеточные органеллы</kwd><kwd>синтетическая биология</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный фонд</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id></award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Тихонович И.А., Проворов Н.А. 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