<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Ecological genetics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Ecological genetics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Экологическая генетика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1811-0932</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2411-9202</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">16362</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/ecogen16362</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Genetic basis of ecosystems evolution</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Генетические основы эволюции экосистем</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Expression of the ToxA and PtrPF2 genes of the phytopathogenic fungus Pyrenophora tritici-repentis at the beginning of the infection process</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Экспрессия генов ToxA и PtrPF2 фитопатогенного гриба Pyrenophora tritici-repentis в начале инфекционного процесса</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2047-7349</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mironenko</surname><given-names>Nina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мироненко</surname><given-names>Нина Васильевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Science, Leading Researcher, Laboratory of Plant Resistance to Diseases</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук, ведущий научный сотрудник, лаборатория иммунитета растений к болезням</p></bio><email>nina2601mir@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8590-0092</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Orina</surname><given-names>Aleksandra S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Орина</surname><given-names>Александра Станиславовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Researcher, Laboratory of Mycology and Phytopathology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, научный сотрудник, лаборатория микологии и фитопатологии</p></bio><email>orina-alex@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9610-4614</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kovalenko</surname><given-names>Nadezhda M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Коваленко</surname><given-names>Надежда Михайловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Plant Resistance to Diseases</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, старший научный сотрудник, лаборатория иммунитета растений к болезням</p></bio><email>nadyakov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">All-Russian Institute for Plant Protection</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральное государственное бюджетное научное учреждение «Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт&#13;
защиты растений»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2020-04-14" publication-format="electronic"><day>14</day><month>04</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2020-07-08" publication-format="electronic"><day>08</day><month>07</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>18</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>149</fpage><lpage>155</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2019-10-07"><day>07</day><month>10</month><year>2019</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2019-12-23"><day>23</day><month>12</month><year>2019</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2020, Mironenko N.V., Orina A.S., Kovalenko N.M.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2020, Мироненко Н.В., Орина А.С., Коваленко Н.М.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Mironenko N.V., Orina A.S., Kovalenko N.M.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Мироненко Н.В., Орина А.С., Коваленко Н.М.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2021-05-14"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/ecolgenet/article/view/16362">https://journals.eco-vector.com/ecolgenet/article/view/16362</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background. </bold><italic>Pyrenophora tritici-repentis</italic> causing a tan spot of wheat produces host-specific toxins.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods.</bold> Two <italic>P. tritici-repentis</italic> isolates with different ability to cause necrosis on the leaves of wheat cultivar Glenlea (nec<sup>+</sup> and nec<sup>–</sup>) and with different expression level of <italic>ToxA</italic> and <italic>PtrPf2</italic> (factor transcription gene) <italic>in vitro</italic> were used for analysis. <italic>ToxA</italic> gene expression in <italic>P. tritici-repentis</italic> isolates <italic>in planta</italic> was characterized using quantitative PCR.</p> <p><bold>Results.</bold> The expression of the <italic>ToxA</italic> gene in <italic>P. tritici-repentis</italic> ToxA<sup>+</sup> isolates significantly increased when infected the wheat leaves compared to ToxA expression results obtained <italic>in vitro</italic>. The levels of <italic>ToxA</italic> expression in both isolates differed significantly after 24, 48 and 96 h after inoculation, however, the dynamics of the trait change over time were similar. However, the highest <italic>ToxA</italic> expression in the virulent (nec<sup>+</sup>) isolate in contrast with the avirulent (nec<sup>–</sup>) isolate was observed at a point of 48 h. Whereas the expression of regulating transcription factor <italic>PtrPf2 in planta</italic> differed imperceptibly from expression <italic>in vitro</italic> throughout the observation period.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion.</bold> Obviously, the role of the fungal transcription factor in regulating the effector gene expression weakens <italic>in planta</italic>, and other mechanisms regulating the expression of pathogen genes at the biotrophic stage of the disease develop.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Для анализа уровня экспрессии гена <italic>ToxA</italic>, кодирующего синтез белкового некроз-индуцирующего токсина Ptr ToxA, и гена фактора транскрипции <italic>PtrPf2</italic> фитопатогенного гриба <italic>Pyrenophora tritici-repentis</italic> <italic>in planta</italic> были выбраны два изолята, различающихся способностью вызывать некроз на листьях восприимчивого сорта пшеницы Glenlea (nec<sup>+</sup> и nec<sup>–</sup>) и уровнем экспрессии этих генов <italic>in vitro</italic>. Показано, что ген некротрофного эффектора <italic>ToxА</italic> дифференциально экспрессируется у изолятов <italic>P. tritici-repentis</italic> в разные временные периоды после инокуляции сорта Glenlea, имеющего доминантную аллель гена <italic>Tsn1</italic>, которая контролирует чувствительность к некроз-индуцирующему токсину Ptr ToxA. Уровень экспрессии <italic>ToxA</italic> резко увеличивается в процессе заражения пшеницы изолятами <italic>P. tritici-repentis</italic> ToxA<sup>+</sup> по сравнению с результатами, ранее полученными <italic>in vitro</italic>. Причем, у вирулентного (nec<sup>+</sup>) изолята наблюдали более сильную экспрессию гена через 48 ч после инокуляции по сравнению с авирулентным (nec<sup>–</sup>) изолятом. Уровни экспрессии <italic>ToxA</italic> в образцах существенно различались через 24, 48 и 96 ч после инокуляции, однако динамика изменения признака у обоих изолятов во времени была одинаковой. Другой характер изменчивости экспрессии гена наблюдали для фактора транскрипции <italic>PtrPf2</italic>, регулирующего экспрессию <italic>ToxA</italic>: экспрессия этого гена в растении мало отличалась от экспрессии в культуре, два изолята лишь незначительно различались в точке максимальной экспрессии <italic>ToxA</italic>, то есть через 48 ч. Очевидно, роль грибного фактора транскрипции в регуляции экспрессии гена эффектора в растении незначительна, и в силу вступают другие механизмы регуляции экспрессии генов патогена на биотрофной стадии развития болезни.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Pyrenophora tritici-repentis</kwd><kwd>tan spot of wheat</kwd><kwd>gene of sensitivity to Ptr ToxA Tsn1, effector gene ToxA</kwd><kwd>gene of transcription factor PtrPf2</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Pyrenophora tritici-repentis</kwd><kwd>желтая пятнистость пшеницы</kwd><kwd>ген чувствительности к токсину Ptr ToxA Tsn1, ген эффектор ToxA</kwd><kwd>ген фактора транскрипции PtrPf2</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский Фонд Фундаментальных Исследований</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Foundation for Basic Research</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>18-04-00128_а</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Ciuffetti LM, Tuori RP, Gaventa JM. A single gene encodes a selective toxin causal to the development of tan spot of wheat. Plant Cell. 1997;9(2):135-144. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.9.2.135.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Martinez JP, Ottum SA, Ali S, et al. Characterization of the ToxB gene from Pyrenophora tritici-repentis. Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2001;14(5):675-677. https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI.2001.14.5.675.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Lamari L, Gilbert J, Tekauz A. Race differentiation in Pyrenophora tritici-repentis and survey of physiologic variation in western Canada. Can J Plant Pathol. 1998;20(4):396-400. https://doi.org/10.1080/07060669809500410.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Lamari L, Strelkov SE, Yahyaoui A, et al. The identification of two new races of Pyrenophora tritici-repentis from the host center of diversity confirms a one-to-one relationship in tan spot of wheat. Phytopathology. 2003;93(4):391-396. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO.2003.93.4.391.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Andrie RM, Pandelova I, Ciuffetti LM. A combination of phenotypic and genotypic characterization strengthens Pyrenophora tritici-repentis race identification. Phytopathology. 2007;97(6):694-701. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-97-6-0694.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Мироненко Н.В., Баранова О.А., Коваленко Н.М., Михайлова Л.А. Частота гена ToxA в популяциях Pyrenophora tritici-repentis на Северном Кавказе и северо-западе России // Микология и фитопатология. – 2015. – Т. 49. – № 5. – С. 325–329. [Mironenko NV, Baranova OA, Kovalenko NM, Mikhailova LA. Frequency of ToxA gene in North Caucasian and North-West Russian populations of Pyrenophora tritici-repentis. Mikologiya i fitopatologiya. 2015;49(5):325-329. (In Russ.)]</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Moreno MV, Stenglein S, Perello AE. Distribution of races and Tox genes in Pyrenophora tritici-repentis isolates from wheat in Argentina. Trop Plant Pathol. 2015;40(2):141-146. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40858-015-0011-2.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>See PT, Marathamuthu KA, Iagallo EM, et al. Evaluating the importance of the tan spot ToxA-Tsn1 interaction in Australian wheat varieties. Plant Pathol. 2018;67(5):1066-1075. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.12835.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Guo J, Shi G, Liu Z. Characterizing virulence of the Pyrenophora tritici-repentis isolates lacking both ToxA and ToxB genes. Pathogens. 2018;7(3):74. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens7030074.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Мироненко Н.В., Коваленко Н.М., Баранова О.А. Характеристика географически отдаленных популяций Pyrenophora tritici-repentis по вирулентности и генам токсинообразования ToxA и ToxB // Вестник защиты растений. – 2019. – № 1. – C. 24–29. [Mironenko NV, Kovalenko NM, Baranova OA. Characteristics of the geographically distant populations of Pyrenophora tritici-repentis in terms of virulence and ToxA and ToxB toxin-forming gene. Plant Protection News. 2019;(1):24-29 (In Russ.)]. https://doi.org/10.31993/2308-6459-2019-1(99)-24-29.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Strelkov SE, Lamari L. Host-parasite interactions in tan spot (Pyrenophora tritici-repentis) of wheat. Can J Plant Pathol. 2003;25(4):339-449. https://doi.org/10.1080/07060660309507089.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Faris JD, Zhang Z, Lu H, et al. A unique wheat disease resistance-like gene governs effector-triggered susceptibility to necrotrophic pathogens. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2010;107(30):13544-13549. https://doi.org/ 10.1073/pnas.1004090107.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Friesen TL, Stukenbrock EH, Liu Z, et al. Emergence of a new disease as a result of interspecific virulence gene transfer. Nat Genet. 2006;38(8):953-956. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng1839.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Rybak K, See PT, Phan HT, et al. A functionally conserved Zn2Cys6 binuclear cluster transcription factor class regulates necrotrophic effector gene expression and host specific virulence of two major Pleosporales fungal pathogens of wheat. Mol Plant Pathol. 2017;18(3):420-434. https://doi.org/10.1111/mpp.12511.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Мироненко Н.В., Орина А.С., Коваленко Н.М. Межштаммовые различия Pyrenophora tritici-repentis по экспрессии генов ToxA и PtrPf2 в культуре // Генетика. – 2020. – Т. 56. – № 4. – С. 488–492. [Mironenko NV, Orina AS, Kovalenko NM. Differences among Pyrenophora tritici-repentis isolatesin the expression of ToxA and PtrPf2 genes in culture (in vitro). Genetika. 2020;56(4)488-492. (In Russ.)]. https://doi.org/10.31857/S0016675820040086.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Михайлова Л.А., Мироненко Н.В., Коваленко Н.М. Желтая пятнистость пшеницы. – СПб.: ВИЗР, 2012. – 56 с. [Mikhailova LA, Mironenko NV, Kovalenko NM. Zheltaya pyatnistost’ pshenicy. Saint Petersburg: VIZR; 2012. 56 p. (In Russ.)]</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Rees RG, Platz GJ, Mayer RJ. Susceptibility of Australian wheats to Pyrenophora tritici-repentis. Aust J Agric Res. 1988;39(2):141-151. https://doi.org/10.1071/AR9880141.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Moolhuijzen PM, See PT, Oliver R, Moffat CS. Genomic distribution of a novel Pyrenophora tritici-repentis ToxA insertion element. PLoS One. 2018;13(10): e0206586. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0206586.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method. Methods. 2001;25(4):402-408. https://doi.org/ 10.1006/meth.2001.1262.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Aboukhaddour R, Turkington TK, Strelkov SE. Race structure of Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (tan spot of wheat) in Alberta, Canada. Can J Plant Pathol. 2013;35(2):256-268. https://doi.org/10.1080/07060661.2013. 782470.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Ali S, Gurung S, Adhikari TB. Identification and characterization of novel isolates of Pyrenophora tritici-repentis from arkansas. Plant Dis. 2010;94(2):229-235. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-94-2-0229.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Leišova-Svobodova L, Hanzalova A, Kucer L. Expansion and variability of the Ptr Tox A gene in populations of Pyrenophora tritici-repentis and Pyrenophora teres. J Plant Pathol. 2010;92(3): 729-735. http://dx.doi.org/10.4454/jpp.v92i3.319.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Benslimane H. Virulence phenotyping and molecular characterization of a new virulence type of Pyrenophora tritici-repentis the causal agent of tan spot. Plant Pathol J. 2018;34(2):139-142. https://doi.org/10.5423/PPJ.NT.07.2017.0150.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Friesen TL, Holmes DJ, Bowden RL, Faris JD. ToxA is present in the U.S. Bipolaris sorokiniana population and is a significant virulence factor on wheat harboring Tsn1. Plant Dis. 2018;102(12):2446-2452. https://doi.org/10.1094/pdis-03-18-0521-re.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>McDonald MC, Ahren D, Simpfendorfer S, et al. The discovery of the virulence gene ToxA in the wheat and barley pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. Mol Plant Pathol. 2018;19(2):432-439. https://doi.org/10.1111/mpp.12535.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Shelest E. Transcription factors in fungi. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2008;286(2):145-151. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2008.01293.x.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Todd RB, Zhou M, Ohm RA, et al. Prevalence of transcription factors in ascomycete and basidiomycete fungi. BMC Genomics. 2014;15:214. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-15-214.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Faris JD, Zhang Z, Rasmussen JB, Friesen TL. Variable expression of the Stagonospora nodorum effector SnToxA among isolates is correlated with levels of disease in wheat. Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2011;24(12): 1419-1426. https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI- 04-11-0094.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Phan HT, Rybak K, Furuki E, et al. Differential effector gene expression underpins epistasis in a plant fungal disease. Plant J. 2016;87(4): 343-354. https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.13203.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Virdi SK, Liu Z, Overlander ME, et al. New insights into the roles of host gene-necrotrophic effector interactions in governing susceptibility of durum wheat to tan spot and Septoria nodorum blotch. G3 (Bethesda). 2016;6(12):4139-4150. https://doi.org/10.1534/g3.116.036525.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Palma-Guerrero J, Ma X, Torriani SF, et al. Comparative transcriptome analyses in Zymoseptoria tritici reveal significant differences in gene expression among strains during plant infection. Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2017;30(3): 231-244. https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI-07-16-0146-R.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
