Ecological geneticsEcological geneticsЭкологическая генетика1811-09322411-9202Eco-Vector63086910.17816/ecogen630869Human ecological geneticsЭкологическая генетика человекаReview ArticlePopulations of the Caucasus as an object for studying the process of adaptation to conditions of high-altitude hypoxiaПопуляции Кавказа как объект изучения процесса адаптации к условиям высотной гипоксииhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1570-3174571960590601066-3369DzhaubermezovMurat A.ДжаубермезовМурат Алиевич
Russian Federation

Cand. Sci. (Biology)

канд. биол. наук

murat-kbr@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3996-57346528-4117EkomasovaNatalia V.ЕкомасоваНаталья Вадимовна
Russian Federation

Cand. Sci. (Biology)

канд. биол. наук

trofimova_nata_@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4091-382X56603137500S-2194-20184810-2535MustafinRustam N.МустафинРустам Наилевич
Russian Federation

Cand. Sci. (Biology)

канд. биол. наук

ruji79@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1857-41631455-0797ChagarovOngar S.ЧагаровОнгар Салихович
Russian Federation
chagarov89@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9344-828X5497-0441FedorovaYuliya Y.ФедороваЮлия Юрьевна
Russian Federation

Cand. Sci. (Biology)

канд. биол. наук

fedorova-y@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0009-0007-1575-26422799-0206GabidullinaLiliya R.ГабидуллинаЛилия Рафисовна
Russian Federation
liliya.gab@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6077-92379658-8010NurgalievaAlfiya K.НургалиеваАльфия Хаматьяновна
Russian Federation

Cand. Sci. (Biology)

канд. биол. наук

alfiyakh83@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0229-3188572078925507918-4737ProkofyevaDarya S.ПрокофьеваДарья Симоновна
Russian Federation

Cand. Sci. (Biology)

канд. биол. наук

dager-glaid@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-2987-3334A-4810-20137408-9797KhusnutdinovnaElza K.ХуснутдиноваЭльза Камилевна
Russian Federation

Dr. Sci. (Biology)

д-р биол. наук

elzakh@mail.ruUfa University of Science and TechnologyУфимский университет науки и технологийInstitute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of SciencesИнститут биохимии и генетики Уфимского федерального исследовательского центра РАНUfa University of Science and TechnologyУфимский университет науки и технологийBashkir State Medical UniversityБашкирский государственный медицинский университетMoscow State University named after M.V. LomonosovМосковский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова12082024290920242232772920605202412082024Copyright ©; 2024, Eco-VectorCopyright ©; 2024, Эко-Вектор2024Eco-VectorЭко-Векторhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/https://journals.eco-vector.com/ecolgenet/article/view/630869

The work examines the main mechanisms responsible for the process of acclimatization of the population of high mountain regions to the conditions of hypobaric hypoxia. The purpose of this review is to describe the pathways of genetic, epigenetic and physiological control in the adaptation of indigenous populations of highlands to reduced barometric pressure and oxygen tension in the environment. It has been shown that populations living in different high-mountain regions demonstrate different ways of adaptation in response to a decrease in the partial pressure of oxygen in the inspired air. The changes that occur in the body in response to stressful conditions are extremely diverse. These include changes in the respiratory, cardiovascular, hematological systems and cellular adaptation. In this review, we examine genomic variations leading to evolutionary adaptation to life at high altitudes, gene expression, pathophysiological and metabolic features, and long-term adaptation in various high-altitude populations. We also consider the peoples of the Caucasus as one of the most promising populations for further study of complex adaptation mechanisms.

В работе рассмотрены основные механизмы, отвечающие за процесс акклиматизации населения высокогорных регионов к условиям гипобарической гипоксии. Целью данного обзора является описание путей генетического, эпигенетического и физиологического контроля при адаптации коренного населения высокогорья к снижению барометрического давления и напряжению кислорода в окружающей среде. Показано, что популяции, проживающие в разных высокогорных регионах, демонстрируют различные способы адаптации в ответ на понижение парциального давления кислорода во вдыхаемом воздухе. Изменения, происходящие в организме в ответ на стрессовые условия, крайне многообразны. К ним относятся изменения в дыхательной, сердечно-сосудистой, гематологической системах и клеточной адаптации. В данном обзоре мы рассматриваем геномные вариации, ведущие к эволюционному приспособлению к жизни на высокогорье, экспрессию генов, патофизиологические и метаболические особенности, а также долгосрочную адаптацию в различных высокогорных популяциях. Рассмотрены народы Кавказа как одни из наиболее перспективных популяций для дальнейшего изучения комплексных механизмов адаптации.

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