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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Ecological genetics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Ecological genetics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Экологическая генетика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1811-0932</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2411-9202</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">631776</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/ecogen631776</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Human ecological genetics</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Экологическая генетика человека</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Genome-wide epigenetic changes in compartments of genetically unbalanced human blastocysts</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Глобальные эпигенетические изменения в компартментах бластоцист человека при генетическом дисбалансе</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2557-6642</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57191821068</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">Q-1380-2016</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3170-2629</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tikhonov</surname><given-names>Andrei V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тихонов</surname><given-names>Андрей Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><email>tixonov5790@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1693-5973</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">56507166200</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">F-4166-2017</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4989-1932</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Krapivin</surname><given-names>Mikhail I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Крапивин</surname><given-names>Михаил Игоревич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>krapivin-mihail@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8626-5071</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">6603763549</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">O-9897-2014</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1740-2691</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Malysheva</surname><given-names>Olga V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Малышева</surname><given-names>Ольга Викторовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><email>omal99@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6587-9429</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57189621865</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">O-1814-2017</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3038-4096</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Koltsova</surname><given-names>Alla S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кольцова</surname><given-names>Алла Сергеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>rosenrot15@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9988-9879</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57191625749</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1056-7821</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Komarova</surname><given-names>Evgeniia M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Комарова</surname><given-names>Евгения Михайловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><email>evgmkomarova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1613-222X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4610-3686</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Golubeva</surname><given-names>Arina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Голубева</surname><given-names>Арина Вячеславовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>AlikovaAV1504@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4495-0983</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">14013324600</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">F-5764-2014</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6959-5014</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Efimova</surname><given-names>Olga A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ефимова</surname><given-names>Ольга Алексеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><email>efimova_o82@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9182-9188</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">6506976983</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3123-2133</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pendina</surname><given-names>Anna A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пендина</surname><given-names>Анна Андреевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><email>pendina@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский институт акушерства, гинекологии и репродуктологии им. Д.О. Отта</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский институт акушерства, гинекологии и репродуктологии им. Д.О. Отта</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Saint Petersburg State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2024-07-31" publication-format="electronic"><day>31</day><month>07</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-09-29" publication-format="electronic"><day>29</day><month>09</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>22</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>265</fpage><lpage>276</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-05-08"><day>08</day><month>05</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-07-31"><day>31</day><month>07</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2027-09-29"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/ecolgenet/article/view/631776">https://journals.eco-vector.com/ecolgenet/article/view/631776</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND</bold>: Epigenetic genome reprogramming is an important determinant of human embryo development. However, its mechanisms remain poorly elucidated, especially in genetically unbalanced embryos.</p> <p><bold>AIM</bold>: The aim of this study is the analysis of DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation levels in trophectoderm and inner cell mass of genetically balanced and unbalanced human blastocysts.</p> <p><bold>MATERIALS AND METHODS</bold>: Twenty-two IVF-derived human blastocysts were enrolled in the study; of these blastocysts, 15 were genetically unbalanced and 7 — genetically balanced. Detection of 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine was performed on trophectoderm and inner cell mass nuclei by indirect immunofluorescence.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS</bold>: In genetically unbalanced blastocysts, the DNA methylation level was elevated in both compartments. The DNA hydroxymethylation level, in contrast, was elevated only in inner cell mass, whereas trophectoderm cells retained the same level as in genetically balanced embryos. These changes equalized the inner cell mass and trophectoderm DNA hydroxymethylation levels in genetically unbalanced blastocysts, while in genetically balanced ones the 5-hydroxymethylcytosine content in inner cell mass lagged behind that in trophectoderm.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS</bold>: Genetic imbalance is associated with differential epigenetic changes in trophectoderm and inner cell mass cells of human blastocysts: DNA methylation level increases in both compartments while DNA hydroxymethylation level increases only in inner cell mass. The trophectoderm cells in genetically unbalanced blastocysts retain the same hydroxymethylation level as in genetically balanced ones, suggesting a possible explanation of the ability of karyotypically abnormal embryos to implant.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Актуальность</bold>. Эпигенетическое репрограммирование генома — важный фактор, определяющий успешное развитие эмбриона человека, но его механизмы изучены недостаточно, особенно при генетическом дисбалансе.</p> <p><bold>Цель</bold> — анализ уровня метилирования и гидроксиметилирования ДНК в клетках трофэктодермы и внутренней клеточной массы бластоцист человека с учетом их генетической сбалансированности.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы</bold>. Исследованы 22 бластоцисты человека, полученные в рамках вспомогательных репродуктивных технологий: с генетическим дисбалансом (n = 15) и без такового (n = 7). Детекцию 5-метилцитозина (5mC) и 5-гидроксиметилцитозина (5hmC) в трофэктодерме и внутренней клеточной массе осуществляли иммуноцитохимическим методом.</p> <p><bold>Результаты</bold>. При генетическом дисбалансе уровень метилирования ДНК повышается в обоих компартментах бластоцист. Уровень гидроксиметилирования ДНК, напротив, повышается только во внутренней клеточной массе, а в трофэктодерме остается таким же, как у генетически сбалансированных эмбрионов. Эти изменения приводят к тому, что у генетически несбалансированных бластоцист содержание 5hmC во внутренней клеточной массе и трофэктодерме становится одинаковым, тогда как у генетически сбалансированных эмбрионов уровень гидроксиметилирования ДНК во внутренней клеточной массе значительно ниже, чем в трофэктодерме.</p> <p><bold>Выводы</bold>. Генетический дисбаланс ассоциирован с дифференциальными изменениями эпигенетических модификаций ДНК в клетках трофэктодермы и внутренней клеточной массы бластоцист человека: увеличением уровня 5mC в обоих компартментах и 5hmC — только во внутренней клеточной массе. Сохранение в трофэктодерме при генетическом дисбалансе такого же уровня гидроксиметилирования ДНК, как у генетически сбалансированных эмбрионов, может объяснять способность к имплантации бластоцист с аномальным кариотипом.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>5-methylcytosine</kwd><kwd>5-hydroxymethylcytosine</kwd><kwd>human blastocyst</kwd><kwd>aneuploidy</kwd><kwd>trophectoderm</kwd><kwd>inner cell mass</kwd><kwd>assisted reproductive technologies</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>5-метилцитозин</kwd><kwd>5-гидроксиметилцитозин</kwd><kwd>бластоциста человека</kwd><kwd>анеуплоидия</kwd><kwd>трофэктодерма</kwd><kwd>внутренняя клеточная масса</kwd><kwd>вспомогательные репродуктивные технологии</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный фонд</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>22-75-00125</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hyde KJ, Schust DJ. 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