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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Ecological genetics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Ecological genetics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Экологическая генетика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1811-0932</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2411-9202</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">636101</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/ecogen636101</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">CPTYHS</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Methodology in ecological genetics</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Методология экологической генетики</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Extra-pair paternity of wood warblers in the Pskov region, russia</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Экстрапарное отцовство пеночки-трещотки в Псковской области, Россия</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6396-9335</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2812-9860</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Simonov</surname><given-names>Sergey A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Симонов</surname><given-names>Сергей Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат биол. наук</p></bio><email>SSaves@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8697-2086</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5343-0984</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Topchieva</surname><given-names>Lyudmila V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Топчиева</surname><given-names>Людмила Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат биол. наук</p></bio><email>topchieva67@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5393-4144</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8853-3674</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Matantseva</surname><given-names>Maria V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Матанцева</surname><given-names>Мария Валерьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат биол. наук</p></bio><email>MariaMatantseva@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5145-4470</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1037-1448</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rendakov</surname><given-names>Nikolay L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рендаков</surname><given-names>Николай Львович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат биол. наук</p></bio><email>nlrend@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Biology of the Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт биологии — обособленное подразделение Карельского научного центра Российской академии наук</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-03-21" publication-format="electronic"><day>21</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-06-27" publication-format="electronic"><day>27</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>23</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>185</fpage><lpage>190</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-09-16"><day>16</day><month>09</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-03-21"><day>21</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/ecolgenet/article/view/636101">https://journals.eco-vector.com/ecolgenet/article/view/636101</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND</bold>: Extra-pair paternity, where offspring are fathered by males outside of a primary pair bond, is common among avian species and challenges the idea of strict monogamy. It provides insights into sexual selection and reproductive strategies. While extra-pair paternity is frequently documented in species such as the Willow Warbler, its occurrence and population variability in the closely related Wood Warbler remains poorly studied.</p> <p><bold>AIM:</bold> To investigate the presence of extra-pair paternity in a Wood Warbler population in the Pskov Region, Northwest Russia.</p> <p><bold>MATERIALS AND METHODS:</bold> During fieldwork, we collected 124 DNA samples from 27 adult males, 14 adult females,and 83 chicks from 14 families. To analyze extra-pair paternity, we used three microsatellite loci (Ase5, Ase18, Ase27) suitable for this population.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Of the 14 socially monogamous families examined, extra-pair paternity was found in one brood, where two of five chicks (40%) were sired by a male outside the social pair bond. The overall extra-pair paternity rate was 2.5%, and 7.1% of nests contained extra-pair young. These rates are markedly lower compared to Central Russia, where extra-pair paternity in Wood Warblers has been documented at 25%, with 41% of nests containing extra-pair offspring. However, due to the small number of markers used, our estimates may be conservative. These results are therefore preliminary and require further investigation.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS:</bold> The reduced incidence of extra-pair paternity in the Pskov Region may be linked to lower breeding densities and fewer unmated males. It cannot be also ruled out that the extra-pair paternity estimate is underestimated due to the use of an insufficient number of markers. Further studies are essential to assess extra-pair paternity in various regions and to understand the ecological and behavioral factors that influence its prevalence.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> Экстрапарное отцовство — распространенное явление среди птиц, когда птенцы не являются потомками самца, входящего в сформированную репродуктивную пару. Это ставит под сомнение наличие строгой моногамии и вносит коррективы в понимание процессов полового отбора и репродуктивных стратегий. В то время как экстрапарное отцовство неоднократно регистрировали у таких видов, как пеночка-весничка, его распространенность у близкородственной пеночки-трещотки остается малоизученной.</p> <p>Цель — выявление случаев экстрапарного отцовства в популяции пеночки-трещотки в Псковской области (Северо-Запад России).</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> В ходе полевой работы было собрано 124 образца ДНК (27 взрослых самцов, 14 взрослых самок и 83 птенца из 14 семей). Для оценки экстрапарного отцовства использованы три микросателлитных локуса(Ase5, Ase18, Ase27), подходящих для работы с исследуемой популяцией.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Среди 14 социально моногамных семей экстрапарное отцовство было обнаружено в одном выводке: два птенца из пяти (40%) не являлись потомками самца-хозяина гнезда. Общая частота составила 2,5%, а в 7,1% гнезд обнаружено экстрапарное потомство. Эти показатели значительно ниже, чем в Центральной России, где частота экстрапарного отцовства у данного вида достигает 25%, а экстрапарное потомство встречается в 41% гнезд. Однако из-за малого числа использованных маркеров к полученным результатам следует относиться с осторожностью. Они являются предварительными и требуют дальнейших исследований.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Более низкая частота экстрапарного отцовства в популяции пеночки-трещотки в Псковской области может быть связана с низкой плотностью гнездования и меньшим числом холостых самцов. Нельзя исключать и заниженную оценку экстрапарного отцовства в результате использования недостаточно большого числа маркеров. Для более полной оценки распространенности экстрапарного отцовства у этого вида и выявления экологических и поведенческих факторов, влияющих на его проявление, необходимы дальнейшие исследования в разных регионах.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>extra-pair paternity</kwd><kwd>mating systems</kwd><kwd>microsatellites</kwd><kwd>Phylloscopus sibilatrix</kwd><kwd>Wood Warbler</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>экстрапарное отцовство</kwd><kwd>репродуктивные отношения</kwd><kwd>микросателлиты</kwd><kwd>Phylloscopus sibilatrix</kwd><kwd>пеночка-трещотка</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">KarRC RAS topic No FMEN-2022-0003</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">КарНЦ РАН тема № FMEN-2022-0003</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Petrie M, Kempenaers B. 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