Ecological geneticsEcological geneticsЭкологическая генетика1811-09322411-9202Eco-Vector64208510.17816/ecogen642085LGMKYEEcosystems metagenomicsМетагеномика экосистемReview ArticleMicrobiological diversity, formation, ecological roleand research methods of the pig gut microbiota: reviewМикробиологическое разнообразие, формирование, экологическая роль и методы исследования микробиоты кишечника свиней: обзор литературыhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1194-72516197-7220SedovaDarya A.СедоваДарья Андреевна
Russian Federation
dased0va@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1929-63455345-4005GolovinSergei N.ГоловинСергей Николаевич
Russian Federation
labbiobez@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9350-75887913-5266ShebekoSergei K.ШебекоСергей Константинович
Russian Federation

Cand. Sci. (Pharmacology)

кандидат фарм. наук

shebeko_sk@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9834-39895358-3424ErmakovAlexey M.ЕрмаковАлексей Михайлович
Russian Federation

Cand. Sci. (Pharmacology)

кандидат фарм. наук

amermakov@ya.ruDon State Technical UniversityДонской государственный технический университетSouthern Federal UniversityЮжный федеральный университет16042025270620252321731842011202416042025Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-VectorCopyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор2025Eco-VectorЭко-Векторhttps://journals.eco-vector.com/ecolgenet/article/view/642085

This review presents data on studies of the intestinal microbiota of pigs, which plays a key role in the maintenance of animal health and physiology. The review summarizes to describe the effects of age, diet and antibiotics on the composition and functional activity of the intestinal microbiota of pigs and the distribution of antibiotic resistance genes under livestock production conditions. This review summarises research data on the composition of the intestinal microbiota of pigs, with special attention paid to the formation and dynamics of the composition of the microbiota of piglets in the neonatal period. The influence of different types of diet on the composition and functional activity of the intestinal microbiota of pigs, including the expression of glycosidohydrolase and glycosyltransferase genes and the possibility of modulating the composition of the microbiota through diet, which can minimise the effects of stress at weaning and increase animal performance. Particular attention is given to the role of the gut microbiota in the metabolism of amino acids, vitamins, lipids and bile acids, and to the functional metagenomics of the microbial community, allowing the identification of genes associated with adaptation to different diet types and pathological conditions. The review also discusses the role of pigs in the spread of antibiotic resistance genes, including using metagenomic and metatranscriptomic profiling, as well as the risks associated with their introduction into the environment and the potential impact on animal and human health.

В работе представлены данные исследований кишечной микробиоты свиней, играющей ключевую роль в поддержании здоровья и физиологии животных. В обзоре обобщены экспериментальные данные, полученные разными группами исследователей о влиянии таких параметров, как возраст, тип диеты и использование антибиотиков, на состав и функциональную активность кишечной микробиоты свиней и их вклад в распространение генов антибиотикорезистентности в условиях животноводства. Особое внимание уделено формированию и динамике состава микробиоты поросят в неонатальном периоде. Рассмотрено влияние различных типов диеты на состав и функциональную активность кишечной микробиоты свиней, в том числе на экспрессию генов гликозидгидролаз и гликозилтрансфераз и возможности модулирования состава микробиоты посредством диеты, что может минимизировать последствия стресса при отъеме и повысить продуктивность животных. Представляет интерес роль кишечной микробиоты в метаболизме аминокислот, витаминов, липидов и желчных кислот, а также функциональной метагеномике микробного сообщества, позволяющей выявлять гены, связанные с адаптацией к различным типам рациона и патологическим состояниям. В обзоре также рассматривается роль свиней в распространении генов антибиотикорезистентности, в том числе с использованием метагеномного и метатранскриптомного профилирования, а также риски, связанные с их попаданием в окружающую среду, и потенциальное воздействие на здоровье животных и человека.

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