Ecological geneticsEcological geneticsЭкологическая генетика1811-09322411-9202Eco-Vector64286710.17816/ecogen642867EWYUDEGenetic basis of ecosystems evolutionГенетические основы эволюции экосистемReview ArticleMolecular-genetic foundations of rice domestication: control of seed shattering, grain size, and pericarp colorationМолекулярно-генетические основы доместикации риса: контроль осыпаемости семян, размера зерна и окраски перикарпияhttps://orcid.org/0009-0005-6662-07411057-6260MirgorodskiiNikita A.МиргородскийНикита Алексеевич
Russian Federation
i@nmirgorodskij.ruSlezovaSofya A.СлезоваСофья Алексеевна
Russian Federation
slezovas@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0009-0009-4283-519XDobarkinaNadezhda A.ДобаркинаНадежда Александровна
Russian Federation
n.dobarkina@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8569-666570064946113877-6598MatveevaTatiana V.МатвееваТатьяна Валерьевна
Russian Federation

Dr. Sci. (Biology), Professor

доктор биологических наук, профессор

radishlet@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9326-31707269-8240AndreevaElena A.АндрееваЕлена Александровна
Russian Federation

Cand. Sci. (Biology)

кандидат биологических наук

a.andreeva@spbu.ruSirius University of Science and TechnologyНаучно-технологический университет СириусSirius University of Science and TechnologyНаучно-технологический университет СириусSaint Petersburg State UniversityСанкт-Петербургский государственный университетAll-Russian Research Institute of Plant ProtectionВсероссийский научно-исследовательский институт защиты растений21032025270620252321151281212202421032025Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-VectorCopyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор2025Eco-VectorЭко-Векторhttps://journals.eco-vector.com/ecolgenet/article/view/642867

Domestication of rice (Oryza sativa L.), one of the five earliest cereal crops, gave rise to a characteristic “domestication syndrome” marked by loss of natural seed dispersal, enlargement and colour change of the caryopsis, shortening of seed dormancy, and transition to an annual life cycle. Archaeological, physiological-genetic and molecular evidence is synthesised here to summarise the mechanisms underlying these key agronomic traits. Reduced seed shattering is linked to mutations andallelic diversification at loci SH4, qSH1, SH5, SHAT1, CPL1, OsSh1/ObSH3, ObSH11, NPC1, OSH15, GRF4 and OsLG1/SPR3, which govern formation and degradation of the spikelet abscission layer. Grain size is determined by QTL GW2, GS3, GS5 and TGW6, modulating cell division and endosperm development and thus shaping thousand-grain weight and yield. Pericarp pigmentation is controlled by Rc and Rd together with the Kala1–Kala3–Kala4 cassette; structural rearrangements in theKala4 promoter trigger ectopic expression of a bHLH factor and anthocyanin accumulation, whereas a 14-bp deletion in Rc converted most cultivars to the white-grained type and was later functionally restored via CRISPR/Cas9. Collectively, these findings provide a genetic foundation for targeted improvement of yield, harvestability and nutritional quality in modern rice breeding.

Доместикация риса (Oryza sativa L.) как одной из пяти древнейших хлебных культур сопровождалась формированием «синдрома доместикации», включающего утрату естественного рассеивания семян, увеличение размеров и изменение окраски зерна, сокращение периода покоя и переход к однолетнему циклу. На основе археологических, физиолого-генетических и молекулярных данных обобщены механизмы, лежащие в основе ключевых агрономических признаков. Снижение осыпаемости связано с мутациями и аллельной диверсификацией локусов SH4, qSH1, SH5, SHAT1, CPL1, OsSh1 / ObSH3, ObSH11, NPC1, OSH15, GRF4 и OsLG1 / SPR3, которые регулируют закладку и деградацию отделительного слоя колосков. Размер зерна контролируется QTL GW2, GS3, GS5 и TGW6, определяющими клеточное деление и развитие эндосперма, что напрямую влияет на массу тысячи зерен и урожайность. Окраску перикарпия задаютгены Rc и Rd, а также кассета Kala1–Kala3–Kala4; структурные перестройки промотора Kala4 индуцируют эктопическую экспрессию bHLH-фактора и накопление антоцианов, тогда как делеция 14 п. н. в Rc перевела большинство сортов к белому типу зерна и впоследствии была функционально восстановлена методом CRISPR/Cas9. Совокупность представленных сведений формирует генетическую основу для направленного повышения урожайности, технологической пригодности и нутритивной ценности современных сортов риса.

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