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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Ecological genetics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Ecological genetics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Экологическая генетика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1811-0932</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2411-9202</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">643544</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/ecogen643544</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">RXIZUA</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Methodology in ecological genetics</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Методология экологической генетики</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Effect of <italic>Rhizophagus irregularis</italic> inoculation on aquaporin gene expression in the roots of <italic>Medicago lupulina</italic> in drought conditions</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Влияние инокуляции грибом <italic>Rhizophagus irregularis</italic> на экспрессию генов аквапоринов в корнях <italic>Medicago lupulina</italic> в условиях засухи</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8715-6723</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4685-2723</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kryukov</surname><given-names>Alexey A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Крюков</surname><given-names>Алексей Анатольевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><email>aa.krukov@arriam.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5120-7229</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6716-9431</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kudriashova</surname><given-names>Tatiana R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кудряшова</surname><given-names>Татьяна Руслановна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><email>t.kudryashova@arriam.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7535-9018</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Belyaeva</surname><given-names>Angelina I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Беляева</surname><given-names>Ангелина Ивановна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>angelkapustnikova@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3888-9050</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gorenkova</surname><given-names>Anastasia I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Горенкова</surname><given-names>Анастасия Игоревна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>nastya.gorenkova.2016@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2231-6466</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9909-4280</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Yurkov</surname><given-names>Andrey P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Юрков</surname><given-names>Андрей Павлович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><email>ap.yurkov@arriam.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт сельскохозяйственной микробиологии</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-07-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>23</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>263</fpage><lpage>275</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-12-29"><day>29</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-07-15"><day>15</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/ecolgenet/article/view/643544">https://journals.eco-vector.com/ecolgenet/article/view/643544</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background:</bold> Most terrestrial plants form a symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Arbuscular mycorrhiza significantly enhances plant growth and their adaptation to biotic and abiotic stress factors. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi help plant uptake and improve the water nutrition of host plant. At the same time, the regulation and transport of water in plants is largely determined by the aquaporins activity. The specificity of gene expression of these transporters in different plant species and in different tissues has not been fully studied.</p> <p><bold>Aim:</bold> To evaluate the effect of mycorrhization of black medic by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus on the expression of aquaporin genes in the roots under drought conditions at the early and late stages of symbiosis development.</p> <p><bold>Methods:</bold> Medicago lupulina MlS-1 line, characterized by high response to mycorrhization, was selected by the authors and was used in this study. The effective Rhizophagus irregularis RCAM00320 strain was used for mycorrhization. The plants were watered daily by 0.6 volumes of saturated water content. But during one week before the results were recorded, water scarcity conditions were created, 0.4 volumes of saturated water content. The plants were counted on the 24th and 48th days after sowing and inoculation. Total RNA from plant roots was isolated using the trizole method with modifications. Thirty-three aquaporin genes were selected to analyze the expression levels. Changes in gene expression were assessed using the real-time polymerase chain reaction method.</p> <p><bold>Results:</bold> It was shown the key genes involved in the mechanism of adaptation of mycorrhizal plants to drought may be NIP and TIP aquaporin genes, namely: MlNIP1;2, MlNIP1;3, MlNIP1;5, MlNIP4;1, MlNIP4;2 genes (mainly at the stage of the second leaf development) and MlTIP1;1, MlTIP1;4, MlTIP2;1, MlTIP2;2, MlTIP2;3, MlTIP3;1, MlTIP4;1, MlTIP5;1 genes (mainly at the flowering stage) in plant-microbial system “M. lupulina + R. irregularis”. The study used previously obtained data on the M. lupulina transcriptome to select target genes.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion:</bold> The genes involved in the development of effective symbiosis of plants with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in conditions of drought were identified. New information about the mechanisms of effective symbiosis formation is of practical importance for the development of highly productive plant-microbial systems, which will allow the transition from intensive agricultural technologies to biological agriculture with the production of environmentally safe products.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> Большинство наземных растений образуют симбиоз с грибами арбускулярной микоризы. Aрбускулярная микориза способствует существенному усилению роста растений и их адаптации к стресс-факторам биотической и абиотической природы. Грибы арбускулярной микоризы помогают растениям усваивать минеральные вещества, улучшают водное питание растения-хозяина. При этом регуляция и транспорт воды в растениях во многом определяется работой аквапоринов. Специфичность экспрессии генов этих транспортеров у разных видов растений и в разных тканях до конца не изучена.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования.</bold> Оценка влияния микоризации люцерны хмелевидной грибом арбускулярной микоризы на экспрессию генов аквапоринов в корнях в условиях засухи на раннем и позднем этапах развития симбиоза.</p> <p><bold>Методы.</bold> В исследовании использована селектированная авторами сильноотзывчивая на микоризацию линия MlS-1 Medicago lupulina. Для микоризации использован эффективный штамм RCAM00320 Rhizophagus irregularis. Растения поливали ежедневно по 0,6 объема полной влагоемкости, но в течение недели до фиксации результатов создавались условия дефицита воды — 0,4 объема полной влагоемкости. Учет растений проведен на 24-е и 48-е сутки от посадки и инокуляции. Тотальная РНК из корней растений выделена с применением тризольного метода с модификациями. Для анализа уровней экспрессии было выбрано 33 гена аквапоринов. Изменения экспрессии генов оценены с помощью метода полимеразной цепной реакции в реальном времени.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Было показано, что ключевыми генами, задействованными в механизме адаптации микоризованных растений к засухе, могут быть гены аквапоринов NIP и TIP, а именно: MlNIP1;2, MlNIP1;3, MlNIP1;5, MlNIP4;1, MlNIP4;2 (главным образом в фазу развития второго листа) и MlTIP1;1, MlTIP1;4, MlTIP2;1, MlTIP2;2, MlTIP2;3, MlTIP3;1, MlTIP4;1, MlTIP5;1 (главным образом в фазу цветения) в микробно-растительных системах «M. lupulina + R. irregularis». В исследовании для выбора целевых генов были использованы полученные ранее данные по транскриптому M. lupulina.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Выявлены гены, задействованные в развитии эффективного симбиоза растений с грибами арбускулярной микоризы в условиях засухи. Новые сведения о механизмах формирования эффективного симбиоза имеют практическое значение для разработки высокопродуктивных микробно-растительных систем, что позволит перейти от интенсивных агротехнологий к биологическому земледелию с получением экологически безопасных продуктов.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>aquaporins</kwd><kwd>AQP</kwd><kwd>arbuscular mycorrhiza</kwd><kwd>drought</kwd><kwd>water transport in plants</kwd><kwd>symbiosis</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>аквапорины</kwd><kwd>AQP</kwd><kwd>арбускулярная микориза</kwd><kwd>засуха</kwd><kwd>транспорт воды в растениях</kwd><kwd>симбиоз</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный фонд</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>24-26-00181</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Mammadov J, Buyyarapu R, Guttikonda S, et al. 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