<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Ecological genetics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Ecological genetics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Экологическая генетика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1811-0932</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2411-9202</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">676918</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/ecogen676918</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">HGNCCR</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Methodology in ecological genetics</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Методология экологической генетики</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Optimization of conditions for the productionof Hsp70 chaperones in <italic>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</italic> cells</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Оптимизация условий для продукции шаперонов Hsp70 в клетках <italic>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</italic></trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9458-0194</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9877-5352</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Matveenko</surname><given-names>Andrew G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Матвеенко</surname><given-names>Андрей Георгиевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат биологических наук</p></bio><email>a.matveenko@spbu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3673-7310</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tsvetkov</surname><given-names>Andrew A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Цветков</surname><given-names>Андрей Алексеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>st096303@student.spbu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2981-0421</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7582-1519</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rogoza</surname><given-names>Tatyana M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рогоза</surname><given-names>Татьяна Михайловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат биологических наук</p></bio><email>t.rogoza@spbu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3222-440X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1053-6164</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Barbitoff</surname><given-names>Yury A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Барбитов</surname><given-names>Юрий Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат биологических наук</p></bio><email>barbitoff@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3013-4662</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3132-6884</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhouravleva</surname><given-names>Galina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Журавлева</surname><given-names>Галина  Анатольевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biology), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор биологических наук, профессор</p></bio><email>g.zhuravleva@spbu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Saint Petersburg State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">St. Petersburg Branch, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский филиал Института общей генетики им. Н.И. Вавилова РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-04-16" publication-format="electronic"><day>16</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-06-27" publication-format="electronic"><day>27</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>23</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>191</fpage><lpage>202</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-03-07"><day>07</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-04-16"><day>16</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/ecolgenet/article/view/676918">https://journals.eco-vector.com/ecolgenet/article/view/676918</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND</bold>: Molecular chaperones regulate the proper folding of proteins in the cell. Members of the Hsp70 family, including the Ssa1 protein, are molecular chaperones that prevent protein aggregation, promote their proper folding and degradation, and are the most common among the various chaperones, highly conserved, and present in a variety of organisms.</p> <p><bold>AIM:</bold> The aim of the work was to optimize methods for the production, extraction and purification of Ssa1 protein from cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.</p> <p><bold>MATERIALS AND METHODS:</bold> The SSA1-4 gene sequences were cloned into a vector under the control of the TEF1 promoter and fused with a sequence encoding His<sub>6</sub>-tag. Yeast strains with different genetic backgrounds were transformed with the obtained constructs, and the production of Ssa1-4 proteins was assessed under different cultivation conditions. Affinity and ion-exchange chromatography were used to purify the Ssa1 protein. Fluorescence microscopy was used to confirm the localization of recombinant Ssa proteins fused with TagRFP-T in the cytosol.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS:</bold> Methods for the production, extraction and purification of Ssa1 protein from yeast cells have been optimized. The same approach can be further used to purify other Hsp70 proteins and adapted to obtain various proteins from eukaryotic cells.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> Молекулярные шапероны регулируют правильную укладку белков в клетке. Члены семейства Hsp70, включая белок Ssa1, — это молекулярные шапероны, которые предотвращают агрегацию белков, способствуют их правильному сворачиванию и деградации, они являются наиболее распространенными среди различных шаперонов, высококонсервативными и присутствуют в различных организмах.</p> <p>Цель — оптимизация методов продукции, выделения и очистки белка Ssa1 из клеток Saccharomyces cerevisiae.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> Последовательности генов SSA1-4 были клонированы в вектор под контролем промоторагена TEF1 и слиты с последовательностью, кодирующей His<sub>6</sub>-тэг. Штаммы дрожжей с различным генетическим фоном трансформировали полученными конструкциями и оценивали продукцию белков Ssa1-4 при различных условиях культивирования. Для очистки белка Ssa1 использовали методы аффинной и ионообменной хроматографии. Для подтверждения локализации рекомбинантных белков Ssa, слитых с TagRFP-T, в цитоплазме применяли флуоресцентную микроскопию.</p> <p>Результаты и заключение. Оптимизированы методы продукции, выделения и очистки белка Ssa1 из дрожжевых клеток. Этот же подход может быть в дальнейшем использован для очистки других белков семейства Hsp70 и адаптирован для получения различных белков из эукариотических клеток.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>chaperones</kwd><kwd>heat shock proteins</kwd><kwd>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</kwd><kwd>yeast</kwd><kwd>prion</kwd><kwd>[PSI+]</kwd><kwd>Hsp70</kwd><kwd>Ssa</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>шапероны</kwd><kwd>белки теплового шока</kwd><kwd>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</kwd><kwd>дрожжи</kwd><kwd>прион</kwd><kwd>[PSI+]</kwd><kwd>Hsp70</kwd><kwd>Ssa</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный фонд</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>23-74-01121</award-id></award-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный фонд</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>23-14-00063</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Liu Q, Liang C, Zhou L. Structural and functional analysis of the Hsp70/Hsp40 chaperone system. Protein Sci. 2020;29(2):378–390.doi: 10.1002/PRO.3725</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Kampinga HH, Craig EA. The HSP70 chaperone machinery: J proteins as drivers of functional specificity. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2010;11(8):579–592. doi: 10.1038/NRM2941</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Kominek J, Marszalek J, Neuvéglise C, et al. The complex evolutionary dynamics of Hsp70s: a genomic and functional perspective. Genome Biol Evol. 2013;5(12):2460–2477. doi: 10.1093/GBE/EVT192</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Boorstein WR, Ziegelhoffer T, Craig EA. Molecular evolution of the HSP70 multigene family. J Mol Evol. 1994;38(1):1–17. doi: 10.1007/BF00175490</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Lotz SK, Knighton LE, Nitika, et al. Not quite the SSAme: unique roles for the yeast cytosolic Hsp70s. Curr Genet. 2019;65(5):1127–1134.doi: 10.1007/S00294-019-00978-8</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Werner-Washburne M, Craig EA. Expression of members of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae hsp70 multigene family. Genome. 1989;31(2):684–689. doi: 10.1139/G89-125</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Stone DE, Craig EA. Self-regulation of 70-kilodalton heat shock proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol. 1990;10(4):1622–1632. doi: 10.1128/MCB.10.4.1622-1632.1990</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Christiano R, Nagaraj N, Fröhlich F, Walther TC. Global proteome turnover analyses of the yeasts S. cerevisiae and S. pombe. Cell Rep. 2014;9(5):1959–1965. doi: 10.1016/J.CELREP.2014.10.065</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Zhouravleva GA, Bondarev SA, Trubitsina NP. How big is the yeast prion universe? Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(14):11651. doi: 10.3390/IJMS241411651</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Barbitoff YA, Matveenko AG, Zhouravleva GA. Differential interactions of molecular chaperones and yeast prions. J Fungi. 2022;8(2):122.doi: 10.3390/JOF8020122</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Schwimmer C, Masison DC. Antagonistic interactions between yeast [PSI+] and [URE3] prions and curing of [URE3] by Hsp70 protein chaperone Ssa1p but not by Ssa2p. Mol Cell Biol. 2002;22(11):3590–3598.doi: 10.1128/MCB.22.11.3590-3598.2002</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Matveenko AG, Barbitoff YA, Jay-Garcia LM, et al. Differential effects of chaperones on yeast prions: CURrent view. Curr Genet. 2018;64(2):317–325. doi: 10.1007/S00294-017-0750-3</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Allen KD, Wegrzyn RD, Chernova TA, et al. Hsp70 chaperones as modulators of prion life cycle: Novel effects of Ssa and Ssb on the Saccharomyces cerevisiae prion [PSI+]. Genetics. 2005;169(3):1227–1242.doi: 10.1534/genetics.104.037168</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Barbitoff YA, Matveenko AG, Moskalenko SE, et al. To CURe or not to CURe? Differential effects of the chaperone sorting factor Cur1 on yeast prions are mediated by the chaperone Sis1. Mol Microbiol. 2017;105(2):242–257.doi: 10.1111/MMI.13697</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Sharma D, Masison DC. Functionally redundant isoforms of a yeast Hsp70 chaperone subfamily have different antiprion effects. Genetics 2008;179(3):1301–1311. doi: 10.1534/GENETICS.108.089458</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Sharma D, Martineau CN, Le Dall MT, et al. Function of SSA subfamily of Hsp70 within and across species varies widely in complementing Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell growth and prion propagation. PLoS One.2009;4(8):e6644. doi: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0006644</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Bush GL, Meyer DI. The refolding activity of the yeast heat shock proteins Ssa1 and Ssa2 defines their role in protein translocation. J Cell Biol. 1996;135(5):1229–1237. doi: 10.1083/JCB.135.5.1229</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Deshaies RJ, Koch BD, Werner-Washburne M, et al. A subfamily of stress proteins facilitates translocation of secretory and mitochondrial precursor polypeptides. Nature. 1988;332(6167):800–805. doi: 10.1038/332800A0</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Gilbert CS, van den Bosch M, Green CM, et al. The budding yeast Rad9 checkpoint complex: chaperone proteins are required for its function.EMBO Rep. 2003;4(10):953–958. doi: 10.1038/SJ.EMBOR.EMBOR935</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>McClellan AJ, Endres JB, Vogel JP, et al. Specific molecular chaperone interactions and an ATP-dependent conformational change are required during posttranslational protein translocation into the yeast ER. Mol Biol Cell. 1998;9(12):3533–3545. doi: 10.1091/MBC.9.12.3533</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Krzewska J, Melki R. Molecular chaperones and the assembly of the prion Sup35p, an in vitro study. EMBO J. 2006;25(4):822–833.doi: 10.1038/SJ.EMBOJ.7600985</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Grant GN, Jessee J, Bloom FR, Hanahan D. Differential plasmid rescue from transgenic mouse DNAs into Escherichia coli methylation-restriction mutants. PNAS. 1990;87(12):4645–4649. doi: 10.1073/PNAS.87.12.4645</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Kaiser C, Michaelis S, Mitchell A. Methods in yeast genetics. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; Cold Spring Harbor; 1994.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Sambrook J, Fritsch EF, Maniatis T. Molecular cloning a laboratory manual. 2nd edit. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press;Cold Spring Harbor; 1989.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Inge-Vechtomov SG. Identification of some linkage groups of Peterhof breeding stocks of yeast. Genetika. 1971;7(9):113–124. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Gietz RD. Yeast Transformation by the LiAc/SS Carrier DNA/PEG Method. In: Xiao W, editor. Yeast Protocols. New York: Springer New York; 2014. P. 33–44. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0799-1_4</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Chernoff YO, Lindquist SL, Ono BI, et al. Role of the chaperone protein Hsp104 in propagation of the yeast prion-like factor [PSI+]. Science. 1995;268(5212):880–884. doi: 10.1126/SCIENCE.7754373</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Newnam GP, Wegrzyn RD, Lindquist SL, Chernoff YO. Antagonistic interactions between yeast chaperones Hsp104 and Hsp70 in prion curing. Mol Cell Biol. 1999;19(2):1325–1333. doi: 10.1128/MCB.19.2.1325</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Agaphonov M, Alexandrov A. Self-excising integrative yeast plasmid vectors containing an intronated recombinase gene. FEMS Yeast Res. 2014;14(7):1048–1054. doi: 10.1111/1567-1364.12197</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Matveenko AG, Ryzhkova VE, Zaytseva NA, et al. Processing of fluorescent proteins may prevent detection of prion particles in [PSI+] cells. Biology. 2022;11(12):1688. doi: 10.3390/BIOLOGY11121688</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Okamoto A, Hosoda N, Tanaka A, et al. Proteolysis suppresses spontaneous prion generation in yeast. J Biol Chem. 2017;292(49):20113–20124. doi: 10.1074/JBC.M117.811323.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Brachmann CB, Davies A, Cost GJ, et al. Designer deletion strains derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C: a useful set of strains and plasmids for PCR-mediated gene disruption and other applications. Yeast. 1998;14(2):115–132. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0061(19980130)14:2</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Sikorski RS, Hieter P. A system of shuttle vectors and yeast host strains designed for efficient manipulation of DNA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics. 1989;122(1):19–27. doi: 10.1093/GENETICS/122.1.19</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>James P, Pfund C, Craig EA. Functional specificity among Hsp70 molecular chaperones. Science. 1997;275(5298):387–389. doi: 10.1126/SCIENCE.275.5298.387</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Malcova I, Farkasovsky M, Senohrabkova L, et al. New integrative modules for multicolor-protein labeling and live-cell imaging in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Yeast Res. 2016;16(3): fow027. doi: 10.1093/FEMSYR/FOW027</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Kushnirov VV. Rapid and reliable protein extraction from yeast. Yeast. 2000;16(9):857–860. doi: 10.1002/1097-0061(20000630)16:9&lt;857::AID-YEA561&gt;3.0.CO;2-B</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Zhang T, Lei J, Yang H, et al. An improved method for whole protein extraction from yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast. 2011;28(11):795–798. doi: 10.1002/YEA.1905</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Kushnirov VV, Alexandrov IM, Mitkevich OV, et al. Purification and analysis of prion and amyloid aggregates. Methods. 2006;39(1):50–55. doi: 10.1016/J.YMETH.2006.04.007</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Drozdova PB, Barbitoff YA, Belousov MV, et al. Estimation of amyloid aggregate sizes with semi-denaturing detergent agarose gel electrophoresis and its limitations. Prion. 2020;14(1):118–128.doi: 10.1080/19336896.2020.1751574</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Hines JK, Higurashi T, Srinivasan M, Craig EA. Influence of prion variant and yeast strain variation on prion-molecular chaperone requirements. Prion. 2011;5(4):238–244. doi: 10.4161/PRI.17818</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
