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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Ecological genetics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Ecological genetics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Экологическая генетика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1811-0932</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2411-9202</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">678986</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/ecogen678986</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">EKUPBX</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Ecosystems metagenomics</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Метагеномика экосистем</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Study of the dynamics of microbial communities of Russian rye starter cultures of spontaneous fermentation</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Динамика микробных сообществ российских ржаных заквасок спонтанного брожения</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5074-2457</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7622-8404</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lokachuk</surname><given-names>Marina N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Локачук</surname><given-names>Марина Николаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>St. Petersburg Branch</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Санкт-Петербургский филиал</p></bio><email>m.lokachuk@gosniihp.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2372-4277</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7310-0439</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Savkina</surname><given-names>Olesya A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Савкина</surname><given-names>Олеся Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Engineering), St. Petersburg Branch</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. техн. наук, Санкт-Петербургский филиал</p></bio><email>1103savkina@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9605-8028</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6367-2970</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khlestkin</surname><given-names>Vadim K.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хлесткин</surname><given-names>Вадим Камильевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Chemistry)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. хим. наук</p></bio><email>dir2645@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1149-6043</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9226-0790</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuznetsova</surname><given-names>Lina I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кузнецова</surname><given-names>Лина Ивановна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Engineering), St. Petersburg Branch</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р техн. наук, Санкт-Петербургский филиал</p></bio><email>l.kuznetcova@gosniihp.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0508-2813</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1548-3089</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Parakhina</surname><given-names>Olga I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Парахина</surname><given-names>Ольга Ивановна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Engineering), St. Petersburg Branch</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. техн. наук, Санкт-Петербургский филиал</p></bio><email>o.parakhina@gosniihp.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Scientific Research Institute for the Baking Industry</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский институт хлебопекарной промышленности</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральный исследовательский центр институт цитологии и генетики Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-10-01" publication-format="electronic"><day>01</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>23</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>249</fpage><lpage>261</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-04-29"><day>29</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-10-01"><day>01</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/ecolgenet/article/view/678986">https://journals.eco-vector.com/ecolgenet/article/view/678986</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background:</bold> The study of the spontaneously fermented sourdough microbiome is currently receiving considerable attention worldwide. However, the taxonomic structure of the Russian spontaneously fermented sourdough microbiome remains insufficiently studied using metagenomic methods, despite the important role of the microbiome in ensuring bread quality and safety.</p> <p><bold>Aim:</bold> The aim of the work was to study the dynamics of Russian spontaneous sourdoughs microbial communities during long-term propagation. The objects of the study were eight starter cultures of spontaneous fermentation: four thick rye and four liquid rye starter cultures without brewing.</p> <p><bold>Methods:</bold> Four batches of rye flour of different grades (“wallpaper” and “stripped”) were used to prepare the starter. The composition of microbial communities was determined using high-throughput sequencing of fragments of the 16S rRNA gene.</p> <p><bold>Results:</bold> It was shown that during the sequential refreshing of starter cultures, the proportion of representatives of proteobacteria decreases, while the proportion of Firmicutes increases. The changes in the bacterial community coincided with a decrease in the pH of the starter culture, as well as a significant change in the odor of the starter culture from an unpleasant putrid to a pronounced pleasant odor of the starter culture. The mature starter cultures were dominated by representatives of the Firmicutes type, mainly represented by lactic acid bacteria of the Lactobacillaceae family. It was found that in the process of sequential renewal of starter cultures with water-flour nutrient mixtures, a significant change in the taxonomic structure of the starter microbiome occurs at the level of the Lactobacillaceae family. Namely, the relative abundance of the genera Latilactobacillus, Levilactobacillus, Lactiplantibacillus, Weissella, Pediococcus, Leuconostoc, Lactococcus, Enterococcus, characteristic for young ferments of spontaneous fermentation, decreased, with a simultaneous increase in Fructilactobacillus and Companilactobacillus in dense starter cultures, and Limosilactobacillus and Fructilactobacillus—in liquid starter cultures without brewing. Lactobacilli Fructilactobacillus sanfranciscensis and Companilactobacillus sp. dominated in mature thick rye starter cultures; Limosilactobacillus pontis prevailed in liquid rye starter cultures without welding on stripped flour; L. pontis and F. sanfranciscensis prevailed in wallpaper flour.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion:</bold> As a result of the conducted studies, there were no statistically significant differences in alpha or beta diversity between the starter cultures bred using different grades and batches of flour. It has been shown that the parameters of Russian starter culture management (humidity, temperature), which differ from those accepted abroad, have a decisive influence on the formation of the microbiome of starter cultures of spontaneous fermentation at the level of lactobacillus species.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> В настоящее время во всем мире уделяется большое внимание изучению микробиома хлебопекарных заквасок спонтанного брожения. Однако таксономическая структура микробиома российских заквасок спонтанной ферментации остается недостаточно изученной с применением метагеномных методов, несмотря на важную роль микробиома в обеспечении качества и безопасности хлеба.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования.</bold> Изучение динамики микробных сообществ российских заквасок спонтанного брожения в процессе их длительного ведения.</p> <p><bold>Методы.</bold> Объектами исследования были восемь заквасок спонтанного брожения: четыре густые ржаные и четыре жидкие ржаные без заварки. Для приготовления заквасок были использованы четыре партии ржаной муки разных сортов («обойная» и «обдирная»). Состав микробных сообществ определяли с помощью высокопроизводительного секвенирования фрагментов гена 16S рРНК.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Было показано, что в процессе последовательных освежений заквасок доля протеобактерий уменьшается, а доля Firmicutes увеличивается. Изменения в составе бактериальных сообществ совпали со снижением рН заквасок, а также значительным изменением запаха заквасок с неприятного гнилостного на выраженный заквасочный. В зрелых заквасках преобладали представители Firmicutes, преимущественно представленные молочнокислыми бактериями семейства Lactobacillaceae. Было обнаружено, что в процессе последовательных освежений заквасок водно-мучными питательными смесями происходят значительные изменения таксономической структуры микробиома заквасок на уровне семейства Lactobacillaceae. Так, относительная численность родов Latilactobacillus, Levilactobacillus, Lactiplantibacillus, Weissella, Pediococcus, Leuconostoc, Lactococcus, Enterococcus, характерных для молодых заквасок спонтанного брожения, снижается, при одновременном увеличении доли Fructilactobacillus и Companilactobacillus в густых заквасках, Limosilactobacillus и Fructilactobacillus в жидких заквасках без заварки. Лактобациллы Fructilactobacillus sanfranciscensis и Companilactobacillus sp. доминировали в зрелых густых ржаных заквасках, Limosilactobacillus pontis — в жидких ржаных заквасках без заварки на обдирной муке, а на обойной муке — L. pontis и F. sanfranciscensis.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> В результате проведенных исследований статистически значимых различий в альфа- и бета-разнообразии между заквасками, выведенными с использованием разных сортов и партий муки, выявлено не было. Показано, что параметры ведения российских заквасок (влажность, температура), которые отличаются от принятых за рубежом, оказывают решающее влияние на формирование микробиома заквасок спонтанного брожения на уровне видов лактобацилл.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>flour</kwd><kwd>starter culture of spontaneous fermentation</kwd><kwd>microbiome</kwd><kwd>lactic acid bacteria</kwd><kwd>high-throughput sequencing</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>мука</kwd><kwd>закваска спонтанного брожения</kwd><kwd>микробиом</kwd><kwd>молочнокислые бактерии</kwd><kwd>высокопроизводительное секвенирование</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский фонд фундаментальных исследований</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Foundation for Basic Research</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>19-016-00085\19</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Gobbetti M, Minervini F, Pontonio E, et al. 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