Ecological geneticsEcological geneticsЭкологическая генетика1811-09322411-9202Eco-Vector69275710.17816/ecogen692757PCHYRKEcosystems metagenomicsМетагеномика экосистемReview ArticleResistome patterns in poultry farms: from genes to ecosystemsРезистом птицеводческих хозяйств: от генов до экосистемhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4059-28781129-7436ChemisovaOlga S.ЧемисоваОльга Сергеевна
Russian Federation

Cand. Sci. (Biology)

канд. биол. наук

chemisova@inbox.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1194-72516197-7220SedovaDarya A.СедоваДарья Андреевна
Russian Federation
dased0va@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0009-0007-2130-01752638-2848SeredaAlina A.СередаАлина Александровна
Russian Federation
alina.sereda2001@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0009-0003-0888-28611440-6753GordeevaYuliya P.ГордееваЮлия Петровна
Russian Federation
GordeevaYP@yandex.ruDon State Technical UniversityДонской государственный технический университетDon State Technical UniversityДонской государственный технический университет26112025090220262343753901010202523112025Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-VectorCopyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор2025Eco-VectorЭко-Векторhttps://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07https://journals.eco-vector.com/ecolgenet/article/view/692757

The intensive application of antimicrobial agents in industrial poultry farming contributes to the formation and maintenance of an extensive resistome – the collection of antibiotic resistance genes within microbial communities. This review synthesizes current data on the structure, diversity, and circulation of antibiotic resistance genes in poultry production systems within the context of the “One Health” concept. It offers a unique, systemic perspective, viewing a poultry farm as an integrated ecosystem for the circulation of resistance genes.

Metagenomic studies have revealed over 600 types of resistance genes in the poultry microbiome, conferring resistance to 25 classes of antibiotics. The most prevalent genes confer resistance to tetracyclines (tetA, tetB, tetM), β-lactams (blaTEM, blaCTX-M, blaCMY-2), macrolides (ermB, ermA), fluoroquinolones (qnrS, qnrB), and aminoglycosides. Of particular concern is the detection of carbapenemase genes (blaNDM, blaOXA-48) and genes conferring resistance to last-resort drugs such as tigecycline (tetX4) and colistin (mcr-1). The concentration of resistance genes in poultry litter can reach 10¹⁶ copies per gram, exceeding levels found in other types of livestock waste.

The review details key ecological reservoirs, including the gut microbiome, hatcheries, biofilms in water systems, litter, and production surfaces. The primary dissemination mechanisms encompass vertical transmission via hatcheries, horizontal gene transfer mediated by plasmids and transposons, and large-scale dispersion through litter into agro-ecosystems. The role of co-selection with heavy metal and biocide resistance genes in maintaining the resistome in the absence of antibiotic pressure is highlighted.

This review emphasizes the necessity for an integrated approach to resistome control. This includes optimizing antimicrobial use, enhancing biosecurity measures, developing alternative prophylactic strategies, and implementing effective waste management protocols to mitigate environmental and epidemiological risks.

Интенсивное применение антимикробных препаратов в промышленном птицеводстве способствует формированию и поддержанию обширного резистома — совокупности генов устойчивости к антибиотикам в микробных сообществах. В данном обзоре систематизированы современные данные о структуре, разнообразии и циркуляции генов антибиотикорезистентности в птицеводческих хозяйствах в контексте концепции «Единое здоровье». Эта работа предлагает уникальный, системный взгляд на птицеферму как на целостную экосистему циркуляции генов устойчивости. Метагеномные исследования выявили более 600 типов генов резистентности в микробиоме птиц, детерминирующих устойчивость к 25 классам антибиотиков. Наиболее распространенными являются гены устойчивости к тетрациклинам (tetA, tetB, tetM), β-лактамам (blaTEM, blaCTX-M, blaCMY-2), макролидам (ermB, ermA) и фторхинолонам (qnrS, qnrB), аминогликозидам. Особую обеспокоенность вызывает выявление генов карбапенемаз (blaNDM, blaOXA-48) и устойчивости к тигециклину (tetX4) и колистину (mcr-1) — препаратам резерва. Концентрация генов резистентности в птичьем помете достигает 1016 копий на грамм, что превышает показатели других типов животноводческих отходов. Детально описаны экологические резервуары: кишечный микробиом, инкубаторы, биопленки в системах водоснабжения, подстилка и производственные поверхности. Основные механизмы диссеминации включают вертикальную передачу через инкубаторы, горизонтальный перенос генов посредством плазмид и транспозонов и массовое распространение через помет в агроэкосистемы. Показана роль коселекции с генами устойчивости к тяжелым металлам и биоцидам в поддержании резистома без антибиотического давления. Обзор подчеркивает необходимость комплексного подхода к контролю резистома, включающего оптимизацию применения антимикробных препаратов, совершенствование биобезопасности, альтернативные стратегии профилактики и эффективную обработку отходов птицеводства для минимизации экологических и эпидемиологических рисков.

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