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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Ecological genetics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Ecological genetics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Экологическая генетика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1811-0932</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2411-9202</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">693201</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/ecogen693201</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">QYKUGZ</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Human ecological genetics</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Экологическая генетика человека</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Ecological factors in the formation of the Eurasian genogeographic landscape of the vitamin D receptor (<italic>VDR</italic>) gene</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Экологические факторы в формировании евразийского геногеографического ландшафта гена рецептора витамина D (<italic>VDR</italic>)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6840-7926</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3534-3417</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Voronina</surname><given-names>Maria M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Воронина</surname><given-names>Мария Михайловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>mybfisanihilist@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6710-4862</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2638-5395</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kozlov</surname><given-names>Andrew I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Козлов</surname><given-names>Андрей Игоревич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук</p></bio><email>dr.kozlov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2452-1532</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1172-4138</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vershubskaya</surname><given-names>Galina G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вершубская</surname><given-names>Галина Григорьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>ggver@ya.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2984-573X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3960-3578</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nagornaya</surname><given-names>Elena G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нагорная</surname><given-names>Елена Григорьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>egnagornaya@hse.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3882-8300</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3248-1238</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Balanovska</surname><given-names>Elena V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Балановская</surname><given-names>Елена Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biology), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>balanovska@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Academician N.P. Bochkov Research Centre of Medical Genetics</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Медико-генетический научный центр им. акад. Н.П. Бочкова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Higher School of Economics</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-01-14" publication-format="electronic"><day>14</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-07-02" publication-format="electronic"><day>02</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>145</fpage><lpage>158</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-10-17"><day>17</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-01-14"><day>14</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2029-06-30"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/ecolgenet/article/view/693201">https://journals.eco-vector.com/ecolgenet/article/view/693201</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Success in the prevention of bone metabolism disorders depends on the early detection of risk factors, including genetic ones. The risk of reduced bone mineral density is higher in carriers of the <italic>C*ApaI</italic>, <italic>G*BsmI</italic>, <italic>A*TaqI</italic>, and <italic>A*FokI</italic> alleles of the <italic>VDR</italic> gene. According to the proposed hypothesis, low insolation and limited vitamin D availability are expected to exert increased selection pressure on carriers of these polymorphisms, and their proportion in the population should decrease.</p> <p><bold>AIM:</bold> To analyze the geographical variability of the frequencies of the “risk” alleles <italic>C*ApaI</italic>, <italic>G*BsmI</italic>, <italic>A*TaqI</italic>, and <italic>A*FokI</italic> of the <italic>VDR</italic> gene in Eurasian populations, considering the influence of environmental factors.</p> <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> <italic>VDR</italic> gene polymorphisms in 140 indigenous populations of Eurasia were studied using our own data (3,441 DNA samples) and data from 68 publications (on average, more than 7,000 DNA samples for four alleles). Maps of the geographical variability of allele frequencies and homozygous genotypes of VDR polymorphisms were created using the weighted average interpolation method in GeneGeo 2.8 software. The average daily ultraviolet radiation (UV-B radiation, 280–315 nm) for the three-month period of minimum natural light levels was obtained from the global glUV dataset. The relationships between genetic polymorphism frequencies, population geographical coordinates, and insolation indices were assessed using Spearman’s rank correlation.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Genogeographic maps of the variability in the frequencies of the <italic>C*ApaI</italic>, <italic>G*BsmI</italic>, <italic>A*TaqI</italic>, and <italic>A*FokI</italic> alleles and their homozygous genotypes in indigenous Eurasian populations were created. The frequency <italic>A*FokI</italic> increased in the western direction (<italic>p</italic> = 0.013), whereas that of the other alleles increased in the eastern direction (<italic>p</italic> ≤ 0.001). Population frequencies of the <italic>ApaI</italic>, <italic>BsmI</italic>, and <italic>FokI</italic> polymorphisms were significantly negatively correlated with UV-B radiation levels during the three-month period of lowest seasonal insolation (<italic>p</italic> ≤ 0.014).</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Although the affiliation of populations with the Caucasoid and Mongoloid racial groups is reflected in the distribution of VDR gene polymorphisms, part of the variability in the frequencies of “risk” alleles is attributable to environmental factors: insolation levels (UV-B radiation), dietary patterns, and the availability of vitamin D-containing foods.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование. </bold>Успех профилактики нарушений метаболизма костной ткани зависит от раннего выявления факторов риска, в том числе на генетическом уровне. Риск снижения минеральной плотности кости повышен при носительстве аллелей C*ApaI, G*BsmI, A*TaqI и A*FokI гена VDR. Согласно выдвинутой гипотезе, при низкой инсоляции и малой доступности витамина D носители этих замен должны испытывать повышенное давление отбора, а их доля в популяции снижаться.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования. </bold>Проанализировать географическую изменчивость частот «рисковых» аллелей C*ApaI, G*BsmI, A*TaqI и A*FokI гена VDR в популяциях Евразии с учётом влияния факторов окружающей среды.</p> <p><bold>Методы. </bold>Популяционные варианты гена VDR в 140 популяциях коренного населения Евразии исследованы по собственным данным (3441 образец ДНК) и материалам 68 публикаций (в среднем по 4 аллелям более 7000 образцов ДНК). Карты географической изменчивости частот аллелей и гомозиготных генотипов замен VDR созданы с помощью программного обеспечения GeneGeo 2.8 методом средневзвешенной интерполяции. Среднесуточные показатели ультрафиолетовой радиации (УФ-B радиация, 280–315 нм) для трёхмесячного периода минимального уровня естественного освещения получены из глобального набора данных glUV. Связи между частотами генетических вариантов, географических координат популяций и показателями инсоляции рассчитаны с помощью ранговой корреляции Спирмена.</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>Созданы геногеографические карты изменчивости частот аллелей C*ApaI, G*BsmI, A*TaqI, A*FokI и их гомозиготных генотипов в группах коренного народонаселения Евразии. Установлено, что частота A*FokI нарастает в западном направлении (p=0,013), остальных аллелей — в восточном (p ≤0,001). Популяционные частоты замен ApaI, BsmI, FokI негативно скоррелированы с уровнем УФ-B-радиации в трёхмесячный период наименьшей сезонной инсоляции (p ≤0,014).</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Хотя принадлежность популяций к европеоидному и монголоидному расовым стволам проявляется в распределении аллельных вариантов гена VDR, часть изменчивости частот «рисковых» аллелей обусловлена экологическими факторами: уровнем инсоляции (УФ-B радиации), характером питания и доступностью содержащих витамин D продуктов.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>genetic variability</kwd><kwd>human populations</kwd><kwd>bone mineral metabolism</kwd><kwd>insolation</kwd><kwd>erythemal radiation</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>генетическая изменчивость</kwd><kwd>популяции человека</kwd><kwd>минеральный обмен в кости</kwd><kwd>инсоляция</kwd><kwd>эритемная радиация</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Правительство РФ</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Government of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source></award-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was part of the State Assignment for the Research Center for Medical Genetics (RCMG) (M.M. Voronina, E.V. Balanovskaya), State Assignment for Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU) (A.I. Kozlov, G.G. Vershubskaya), and the Fundamental Research Program of the National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE University)</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено в рамках Государственного задания для ФГБНУ «МГНЦ» (М.М. Воронина, Е.В. Балановская), Государственного задания для МГУ имени М.В. Ломоносова (А.И. Козлов, Г.Г. Вершубская) и Программы фундаментальных исследований ФГБОУ ВО НИУ ВШЭ</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Holick MF. Vitamin D: importance in the prevention of cancers, type 1 diabetes, heart disease, and osteoporosis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;79(3):362–371. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/79.3.362</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Holick MF. 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