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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Ecological genetics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Ecological genetics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Экологическая генетика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1811-0932</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2411-9202</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">693516</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/ecogen693516</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">ZBWJTR</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Genetically modified organism. The history, achievements, social and environmental risks</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ГМО: История, достижения, социальные и экологические риски</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Description of new naturally transgenic plants enables estimation of the time intervals of horizontal gene transfer from agrobacterium to plants</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Описание новых природно-трансгенных растений позволило оценить временные интервалы горизонтального переноса генов от агробактерий к растениям</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7905-2999</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5145-8352</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shaposhnikov</surname><given-names>Anton D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шапошников</surname><given-names>Антон Дмитриевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>st096319@student.spbu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8569-6665</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3877-6598</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Matveeva</surname><given-names>Tatiana V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Матвеева</surname><given-names>Татьяна Валерьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biology), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>radishlet@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Saint Petersburg State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">All-Russian Research Institute of Plant Protection</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт защиты растений</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-11-19" publication-format="electronic"><day>19</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-05-03" publication-format="electronic"><day>03</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>15</fpage><lpage>28</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-10-17"><day>17</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-11-19"><day>19</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/ecolgenet/article/view/693516">https://journals.eco-vector.com/ecolgenet/article/view/693516</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Horizontal gene transfer from Agrobacterium to dicotyledonous plants leads to the emergence of naturally transgenic species containing DNA fragments known as cellular T-DNA. Such plants are also referred to as naturally genetically modified organisms (GMOs). The continuous expansion of nucleotide sequence databases and advances in bioinformatics methods have made it possible to systematically identify natural transgenes in deposited genomes of various dicot species, thereby expanding the list of known natural GMOs. Detailed investigation of horizontally transferred sequences opens opportunities for their comparative analysis.</p> <p><bold>AIM: </bold>To search for and analyze sequences homologous to Agrobacterium T-DNA in the genomes of dicotyledonous plants and subsequently estimate the timing of horizontal gene transfer events based on comparisons of extended inverted repeats of cellular T-DNA.</p> <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>Data from the WGS and TSA nucleotide sequence databases were used, together with BLAST alignment algorithms.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>A total of 93 new species of naturally transgenic plants were identified. Based on the analysis of cellular T-DNA sequences present as inverted repeats, approximate timing of horizontal gene transfer events was estimated for 28 species of natural GMOs. The analysis revealed numerous common features in the evolution of transgenes between the newly identified natural GMOs and other examples of horizontal gene transfer. It was established that the transfer events occurred between 0.62 and 24 million years ago, spanning three periods of the Cenozoic era.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>The obtained results may be used to investigate the evolutionary role of cellular T-DNA and horizontal gene transfer in naturally transgenic plants.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> Горизонтальный перенос генов от агробактерий к двудольным растениям приводит к возникновению природно-трансгенных видов, содержащих фрагменты ДНК, известные как клеточные Т-ДНК. Такие растения также обозначаются как природные генетически модифицированные организмы (ГМО). Постоянное пополнение нуклеотидных баз данных и развитие биоинформатических методов позволило систематически выявлять природные трансгены в депонированных геномах различных видов двудольных растений, пополняя список известных природных ГМО. Детальное исследование горизонтально перенесённых последовательностей открывает возможности для их сравнительного анализа.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования.</bold> Поиск и анализ последовательностей гомологичных Т-ДНК агробактерий в геномах двудольных растений и последующее определение времени событий горизонтального переноса генов на основе сравнения протяжённых инвертированных повторов клеточных Т-ДНК.</p> <p><bold>Методы.</bold> В работе были использованы данные из баз данных нуклеотидных последовательностей WGS и TSA, а также алгоритмы выравнивания BLAST.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Было обнаружено 93 новых вида природно-трансгенных растений. На основе анализа клеточных Т-ДНК, представленных в форме инвертированных повторов, было оценено приблизительное время событий горизонтального переноса генов для 28 видов природных ГМО. Анализ выявил множество общих черт в эволюции трансгенов между обнаруженными нами природными ГМО и другими примерами горизонтального переноса. Установлено, что события переноса происходили в период от 0,62 до 24 млн лет назад, что охватывает три периода кайнозойской эры.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Полученные результаты могут быть использованы для исследования эволюционной роли клеточных Т-ДНК и горизонтального переноса генов у природно-трансгенных растений.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>horizontal gene transfer</kwd><kwd>naturally transgenic plants</kwd><kwd>cellular T-DNA</kwd><kwd>opine synthases</kwd><kwd>oncogenes</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>горизонтальный перенос генов</kwd><kwd>природно-трансгенные растения</kwd><kwd>клеточная Т-ДНК</kwd><kwd>опин-синтазы</kwd><kwd>онкогены</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Правительство РФ</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Government of RF</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>21877-П8-ДЧ</award-id></award-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный фонд</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>25-26-00123</award-id></award-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was supported by Saint Petersburg State University (project code 124032000041-1; search and analysis of natural GMOs) and the Russian Science Foundation (grant No. 25-26-00123; estimation of the time intervals of horizontal gene transfer from Agrobacterium to plants).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке ФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет», шифр проекта 124032000041-1 (поиск и анализ пГМО), а также Российским научным фондом (грант 25-26-00123; определение временных интервалов горизонтального переноса генов от агробактерий к растениям).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Soucy SM, Huang J, Gogarten JP. 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