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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Ecological genetics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Ecological genetics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Экологическая генетика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1811-0932</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2411-9202</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">693516</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/ecogen693516</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Genetically modified organism.history, achievements, social and environmental risks.</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>«ГМО: ИСТОРИЯ, ДОСТИЖЕНИЯ, СОЦИАЛЬНЫЕ И ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ РИСКИ»</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Description of new naturally transgenic plants and estimation of time intervals of horizontal gene transfer events from agrobacteria to plants</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Описание новых природно-трансгенных растений и оценка временных интервалов событий горизонтального переноса генов от агробактерий к растениям</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7905-2999</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5145-8352</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shaposhnikov</surname><given-names>Anton D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шапошников</surname><given-names>Антон Дмитриевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>junior researcher</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>младший научный сотрудник</p></bio><email>st096319@student.spbu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8569-6665</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">7006494611</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3877-6598</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Matveeva</surname><given-names>Tatiana V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Матвеева</surname><given-names>Татьяна Валерьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biology), Professor, department of genetics and biotechnology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор биол. наук, профессор, кафедра генетики и биотехнологии</p></bio><email>radishlet@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">St. Petersburg State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Saint Petersburg State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">All-Russian Research Institute of Plant Protection</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт защиты растений</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-11-19" publication-format="electronic"><day>19</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-10-17"><day>17</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-11-19"><day>19</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; , Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; , Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/ecolgenet/article/view/693516">https://journals.eco-vector.com/ecolgenet/article/view/693516</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold><italic>BACKGROUND: </italic></bold>Horizontal gene transfer from agrobacteria to dicotyledonous plants leads to the emergence of naturally transgenic species containing DNA fragments known as cellular T-DNA (cT-DNA). Such plants are also referred to as natural GMOs (nGMOs). The continuous expansion of nucleotide databases and the development of bioinformatic methods have enabled the systematic identification of natural transgenes in the deposited genomes of various dicot species, expanding the list of known nGMOs. Detailed investigation of the horizontally transferred sequences opens up opportunities for their comparative analysis.</p> <p><bold><italic>AIM:</italic></bold><italic> </italic>The aim of this work was to search for and analyze sequences homologous to Agrobacterium T-DNA in the genomes of dicotyledonous plants, and to subsequently determine the timing of horizontal gene transfer events based on a comparison of extended inverted repeats of cT-DNA.</p> <p><bold><italic>METHODS:</italic></bold><italic> </italic>The work used data from the WGS and TSA nucleotide sequence databases, as well as BLAST alignment algorithms.</p> <p><bold><italic>RESULTS:</italic></bold><italic> </italic>As a result, 93 new species of naturally transgenic plants were discovered. Based on the analysis of cT-DNA presented as inverted repeats, the approximate timing of horizontal gene transfer events was estimated for 28 nGMO species. The conducted analysis revealed many common features in the evolution of transgenes between the nGMOs we discovered and other examples of horizontal gene transfer. It was established that the transfer events occurred in the period from 0.62 to 24 million years ago, which spans three periods of the Cenozoic era.</p> <p><bold><italic>CONCLUSION: </italic>The discovery of new naturally transgenic plant species expands our understanding of the prevalence of horizontal gene transfer from agrobacteria to dicotyledonous plants and the evolutionary role of cT-DNA, while also providing material for further research and comparison with other cases of horizontal gene transfer. Dating the events of horizontal gene transfer makes it possible to estimate the time frame of this process in the evolution of naturally transgenic plants.</bold></p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование. </bold>Горизонтальный перенос генов от агробактерий к двудольным растениям приводит к возникновению природно-трансгенных видов, содержащих фрагменты ДНК, известные как клеточные Т-ДНК (клТ-ДНК). Такие растения также обозначаются как природные ГМО (пГМО). Постоянное пополнение нуклеотидных баз данных и развитие биоинформатических методов позволило систематически выявлять природные трансгены в депонированных геномах различных видов двудольных, пополняя список известных пГМО. Детальное исследование горизонтально перенесенных последовательностей открывает возможности для их сравнительного анализа.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования. </bold>Целью данной работы являлся поиск и анализ последовательностей, гомологичных Т-ДНК агробактерий, в геномах двудольных растений и последующее определение времени событий горизонтального переноса генов на основе сравнения протяженных инвертированных повторов клТ-ДНК.</p> <p><bold>Методы. </bold>В работе были использованы данные из баз нуклеотидных последовательностей WGS и TSA, а также алгоритмы выравнивания BLAST.</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>Таким образом, было обнаружено 93 новых вида природно-трансгенных растений. На основе анализа клТ-ДНК, представленных в форме инвертированных повторов, было оценено приблизительное время событий горизонтального переноса генов для 28 видов пГМО. Проведенный анализ выявил множество общих черт в эволюции трансгенов между обнаруженными нами пГМО и другими примерами горизонтального переноса. Установлено, что события переноса происходили в период от 0,62 до 24 млн лет назад, что охватывает три периода кайнозойской эры.</p> <p><bold>Заключение. Обнаружение новых видов природно-трансгенных растений расширяет представления о распространении горизонтального переноса генов от агробактерий к двудольным растениям и об эволюционной роли клТ-ДНК, а также позволяет накопить материал для дальнейших исследований и сравнения с другими случаями горизонтального переноса. Датирование событий горизонтального переноса генов даёт возможность оценить временные рамки этого процесса в эволюции природно-трансгенных растений.</bold></p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Horizontal gene transfer, naturally transgenic plants, cellular T-DNA, opine synthases, oncogenes.</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Горизонтальный перенос генов, природно-трансгенные растения, клеточная Т-ДНК, опин-синтазы, онкогены.</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет»</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Saint Petersburg State University</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>124032000041-1</award-id></award-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный фонд</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>25-26-00123</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Soucy SM, Huang J, Gogarten JP. 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