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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Ecological genetics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Ecological genetics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Экологическая генетика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1811-0932</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2411-9202</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">694195</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/ecogen694195</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Human ecological genetics</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Экологическая генетика человека</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">ADAPTATION TO HIGH ALTITUDE IN THE CAUCASUS: TESTING THE HYPOTHESIS OF CONVERGENT EVOLUTION USING THE EGLN1 AND SPRTN GENES</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>АДАПТАЦИЯ К ВЫСОКОГОРЬЮ НА КАВКАЗЕ: ПРОВЕРКА ГИПОТЕЗЫ КОНВЕРГЕНТНОЙ ЭВОЛЮЦИИ ПО ГЕНАМ EGLN1 И SPRTN</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1570-3174</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1066-3369</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dzhaubermezov</surname><given-names>Murat A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Джаубермезов</surname><given-names>Мурат Алиевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>murat-kbr@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Akhmadullina</surname><given-names>Gulnara A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ахмадуллина</surname><given-names>Гульнара Адиповна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>ahmadullina2002@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3996-5734</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6528-4117</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ekomasova</surname><given-names>Natalia V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Екомасова</surname><given-names>Наталья Вадимовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><email>trofimova_nata_@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1575-2642</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2799-0206</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gabidullina</surname><given-names>Liliya R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Габидуллина</surname><given-names>Лилия Рафисовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>liliya.gab@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5416-2214</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5287-5381</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sufyanova</surname><given-names>Zemfira R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Суфьянова</surname><given-names>Земфира Раиловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>zemfira.sufyanova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6077-9237</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9658-8010</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nurgalieva</surname><given-names>Alfiya K.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нургалиева</surname><given-names>Альфия Хаматьяновна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><email>alfiyakh83@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9344-828X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5497-0441</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Fedorova</surname><given-names>Yuliya Y.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Федорова</surname><given-names>Юлия Юрьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><email>fedorova-y@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0229-3188</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57207892550</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7918-4737</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Prokofyeva</surname><given-names>Darya S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Прокофьева</surname><given-names>Дарья Симоновна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><email>dager-glaid@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2987-3334</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">A-4810-2013</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7408-9797</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khusnutdinovna</surname><given-names>Elza K.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хуснутдинова</surname><given-names>Эльза Камилевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук</p></bio><email>elzakh@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Ufa University of Science and Technology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Уфимский университет науки и технологий</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт биохимии и генетики Уфимского федерального исследовательского центра РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Ufa University of Science and Technology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Уфимский университет науки и технологий</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-01-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-10-27"><day>27</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-01-10"><day>10</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; , Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; , Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/ecolgenet/article/view/694195">https://journals.eco-vector.com/ecolgenet/article/view/694195</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold><italic>BACKGROUND:</italic></bold> <italic>Despite compelling evidence of convergent evolution in the EGLN1 and SPRTN genes in indigenous populations of the Andes and Tibet, the role of these adaptive variants in inhabitants of other high-altitude regions, particularly the Caucasus, remains unexplored. This study will determine whether the identified genetic pattern is universal or whether Caucasian populations exhibit unique pathways of genetic adaptation to high altitudes.</italic></p> <p><bold><italic>AIM:</italic></bold> <italic>To identify differences in the distribution of allele and genotype frequencies of genetic variants rs479200 of the EGLN1 gene and rs2437150 of the SPRTN gene between the highland population of Balkars and the population of Kabardians inhabiting the plains and foothills of the Central Caucasus to assess the contribution of these variants to the formation of adaptive traits to hypoxia.</italic></p> <p><bold><italic>METHODS:</italic></bold><italic> Samples of Balkars (N=132) and Kabardins (N=131) were formed from representatives of these ethnic groups living in the highland and lowland zones of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, respectively. For genotyping, the technology for determining single nucleotide polymorphisms using the KASP method was used.</italic></p> <p><bold><italic>RESULTS:</italic></bold><italic> Population genetic analysis revealed significant differences in the distribution of genotypes and alleles of the EGLN1 and SPRTN hypoxia genes between Balkars and Kabardians. In the Balkar population, signs of selection were detected, including increased heterozygosity for the rs479200 locus of the EGLN1 gene and a higher frequency of the adaptive allele rs2437150 of the SPRTN gene. These differences likely reflect local adaptation to high-altitude conditions, despite the overall genetic similarity of the Caucasus populations.</italic></p> <p><bold><italic>CONCLUSION: </italic></bold><italic>A study of the role of the EGLN1 and SPRTN genes in the Balkars' adaptation to high altitude revealed a complex picture: the EGLN1 gene exhibits a unique, balanced selection favoring heterozygotes, while the SPRTN gene exhibits universal, positive selection. This demonstrates a combination of unique and universal evolutionary pathways for adaptation to hypobaric hypoxia.</italic></p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование. </bold>Несмотря на убедительные доказательства конвергентной эволюции по генам <italic>EGLN1</italic> и <italic>SPRTN</italic> у коренных популяций Анд и Тибета, роль этих адаптивных вариантов у жителей других высокогорных регионов, в частности Кавказа, остается неизученной. Проведенное исследование позволит определить, является ли выявленный генетический паттерн универсальным, или же кавказские популяции демонстрируют уникальные пути генетической адаптации к высокогорью.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования. </bold>Выявить различия в распределении частот аллелей и генотипов генетических вариантов rs479200 гена <italic>EGLN1</italic> и rs2437150 гена <italic>SPRTN</italic> между высокогорной популяцией балкарцев и популяцией кабардинцев, населяющих равнинные и предгорные регионы, Центрального Кавказа для оценки вклада данных вариантов в формирование адаптивных признаков к гипоксии.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы. </bold>Выборки балкарцев (N=132) и кабардинцев (N=131) сформированы представителями данных этнических групп, проживающих в высокогорной и равнинной зонах Кабардино-Балкарской Республики соответственно. Для генотипирования использовали технологию определения однонуклеотидных полиморфизмов методом KASP.</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>Популяционно-генетический анализ выявил значимые различия в распределении генотипов и аллелей генов гипоксии <italic>EGLN1</italic> и <italic>SPRTN</italic> между балкарцами и кабардинцами. В популяции балкарцев обнаружены признаки действия отбора, включая повышенную гетерозиготность по локусу rs479200 гена <italic>EGLN1</italic> и более высокую частоту адаптивного аллеля rs2437150 гена <italic>SPRTN</italic>. Эти различия, вероятно, отражают локальную адаптацию к высокогорным условиям, несмотря на общее генетическое сходство популяций Кавказа.</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>Исследование роли генов <italic>EGLN1</italic> и <italic>SPRTN</italic> в адаптации балкарцев к высокогорью выявило комплексную картину: по гену <italic>EGLN1</italic> действует уникальный сбалансированный отбор в пользу гетерозигот, в то время как по гену <italic>SPRTN</italic> наблюдается универсальный позитивный отбор. Это демонстрирует сочетание уникальных и универсальных эволюционных путей приспособления к условиям гипобарической гипоксии.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Hypoxia</kwd><kwd>Genetic Selection</kwd><kwd>Prolyl Hydroxylases</kwd><kwd>Genetic Fitness.</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Гипоксия</kwd><kwd>генетика популяционная</kwd><kwd>пролилгидроксилаза</kwd><kwd>высотная болезнь.</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено в рамках государственного задания Министерства науки и высшего образования РФ</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">The study was carried out within the framework of a state assignment from the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation.</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>№ 075-03-2025-407/2</award-id></award-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Работа поддержана программой поддержки биоресурсных коллекций (Коллекция биологических материалов человека ИБГ Уфимский федеральный исследовательский центр РАН).</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">The work was supported by the program for supporting bioresource collections (Collection of human biological materials, Institute of Biogeochemistry, Ufa Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences).</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1.	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