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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Ecological genetics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Ecological genetics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Экологическая генетика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1811-0932</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2411-9202</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">694195</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/ecogen694195</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">GLZKAS</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Human ecological genetics</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Экологическая генетика человека</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Adaptation to high altitude in the Caucasus: testing the hypothesis of convergent evolution using the <italic>EGLN1</italic> and <italic>SPRTN</italic> genes</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Адаптация к высокогорью на Кавказе: проверка гипотезы конвергентной эволюции по генам <italic>EGLN1</italic> и <italic>SPRTN</italic></trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1570-3174</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1066-3369</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dzhaubermezov</surname><given-names>Murat A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Джаубермезов</surname><given-names>Мурат Алиевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><email>murat-kbr@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0091-3698</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5890-1008</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Akhmadullina</surname><given-names>Gulnara A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ахмадуллина</surname><given-names>Гульнара Адиповна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>ahmadullina2002@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3996-5734</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6528-4117</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ekomasova</surname><given-names>Natalia V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Екомасова</surname><given-names>Наталья Вадимовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><email>trofimova_nata_@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1575-2642</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2799-0206</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gabidullina</surname><given-names>Liliya R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Габидуллина</surname><given-names>Лилия Рафисовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>liliya.gab@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5416-2214</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5287-5381</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sufyanova</surname><given-names>Zemfira R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Суфьянова</surname><given-names>Земфира Раиловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>zemfira.sufyanova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6077-9237</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9658-8010</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nurgalieva</surname><given-names>Alfiia Kh.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нургалиева</surname><given-names>Альфия Хаматьяновна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><email>alfiyakh83@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9344-828X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5497-0441</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Fedorova</surname><given-names>Yuliya Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фёдорова</surname><given-names>Юлия Юрьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><email>fedorova-y@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0229-3188</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7918-4737</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Prokofyeva</surname><given-names>Darya S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Прокофьева</surname><given-names>Дарья Симоновна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><email>dager-glaid@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2987-3334</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7408-9797</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khusnutdinova</surname><given-names>Elza K.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хуснутдинова</surname><given-names>Эльза Камилевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biology), Professor, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Education</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук, профессор, чл.-корр. РАН</p></bio><email>elzakh@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Ufa University of Science and Technology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Уфимский университет науки и технологий</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт биохимии и генетики Уфимского федерального исследовательского центра Российской академии наук</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Ufa University of Science and Technology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Уфимский университет науки и технологий</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-01-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-07-02" publication-format="electronic"><day>02</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>133</fpage><lpage>144</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-10-27"><day>27</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-01-10"><day>10</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/ecolgenet/article/view/694195">https://journals.eco-vector.com/ecolgenet/article/view/694195</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Despite compelling evidence of convergent evolution in the <italic>EGLN1</italic> and <italic>SPRTN </italic>genes in indigenous populations of the Andes and Tibet, the role of these adaptive variants in inhabitants of other high-altitude regions, particularly the Caucasus, remains unexplored. This study will determine whether the identified genetic pattern is universal or Caucasian populations exhibit unique pathways of genetic adaptation to high altitudes.</p> <p><bold>AIM:</bold> This study is aimed identify differences in the distribution of allele and genotype frequencies of genetic variants rs479200 (in <italic>EGLN1</italic>) and rs2437150 (in <italic>SPRTN</italic>) between the highland population of Balkars and the lowland population of Kabardians inhabiting the plains and foothills of the Central Caucasus, in order to assess the contribution of these variants to the formation of adaptive traits to hypoxia.</p> <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>Samples of Balkars (<italic>n</italic> = 132) and Kabardins (<italic>n</italic> = 131) were collected from representatives of these ethnic groups living in the highland and lowland zones of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, respectively. Genotyping was performed using the KASP method.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>Population genetic analysis revealed significant differences in the distribution of genotypes and alleles of the hypoxia genes <italic>EGLN1</italic> and <italic>SPRTN</italic> between Balkars and Kabardians. In the Balkar population, signs of selection were detected, including increased heterozygosity for the rs479200 locus of <italic>EGLN1</italic> and a higher frequency of the adaptive allele rs2437150 of <italic>SPRTN</italic>. These differences likely reflect local adaptation to high-altitude conditions, despite the overall genetic similarity of the Caucasus populations.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> A study of the role of <italic>EGLN1</italic> and <italic>SPRTN</italic> in the Balkars’ adaptation to high altitude revealed a complex picture: <italic>EGLN1</italic> exhibits a unique, balanced selection favoring heterozygotes, whereas <italic>SPRTN</italic> exhibits universal, positive selection. This demonstrates a combination of unique and universal evolutionary pathways for adaptation to hypobaric hypoxia.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование. </bold>Несмотря на убедительные доказательства конвергентной эволюции по генам EGLN1 и SPRTN у коренных популяций Анд и Тибета, роль этих адаптивных вариантов у жителей других высокогорных регионов, в частности Кавказа, остаётся неизученной. Проведённое исследование позволит определить, является ли выявленный генетический паттерн универсальным, или же кавказские популяции демонстрируют уникальные пути генетической адаптации к высокогорью.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования. </bold>Выявить различия в распределении частот аллелей и генотипов генетических вариантов rs479200 гена EGLN1 и rs2437150 гена SPRTN между высокогорной популяцией балкарцев и популяцией кабардинцев, населяющих равнинные и предгорные регионы Центрального Кавказа, для оценки вклада данных вариантов в формирование адаптивных признаков к гипоксии.</p> <p><bold>Методы. </bold>Выборки балкарцев (n=132) и кабардинцев (n=131) сформированы представителями данных этнических групп, проживающих в высокогорной и равнинной зонах Кабардино-Балкарской Республики соответственно. Для генотипирования использовали технологию определения однонуклеотидных вариантов методом Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Популяционно-генетический анализ выявил значимые различия в распределении генотипов и аллелей генов гипоксии EGLN1 и SPRTN между балкарцами и кабардинцами. В популяции балкарцев обнаружены признаки действия отбора, включая повышенную гетерозиготность по локусу rs479200 гена EGLN1 и более высокую частоту адаптивного аллеля rs2437150 гена SPRTN. Эти различия, вероятно, отражают локальную адаптацию к высокогорным условиям, несмотря на общее генетическое сходство популяций Кавказа.</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>Исследование роли генов EGLN1 и SPRTN в адаптации балкарцев к высокогорью выявило комплексную картину: по гену EGLN1 действует уникальный сбалансированный отбор в пользу гетерозигот, в то время как по гену SPRTN наблюдается универсальный позитивный отбор. Это демонстрирует сочетание уникальных и универсальных эволюционных путей приспособления к условиям гипобарической гипоксии.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>hypoxia</kwd><kwd>population genetics</kwd><kwd>prolyl hydroxylases</kwd><kwd>altitude sickness</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>гипоксия</kwd><kwd>генетика популяционная</kwd><kwd>пролилгидроксилаза</kwd><kwd>высотная болезнь</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Министерство науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>075-03-2025-407/2</award-id></award-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This study was part of the State Assignment No. 075-03-2025-407/2 of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation. It was also supported by the Bioresource Collections Support Program (Collection of Human Biological Materials, Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences)</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено в рамках государственного задания Министерства науки и высшего образования РФ № 075-03-2025-407/2. Также работа поддержана программой поддержки биоресурсных коллекций (Коллекция биологических материалов человека ИБГ Уфимского федерального исследовательского центра РАН)</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Leon-Velarde F, Richalet JP. Respiratory control in residents at high altitude: physiology and pathophysiology. High Alt Med Biol. 2006;7(2):125–137. doi: 10.1089/ham.2006.7.125 EDN: XPJAIJ</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Richalet JP, Hermand E, Lhuissier FJ. 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