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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Ecological genetics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Ecological genetics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Экологическая генетика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1811-0932</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2411-9202</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">695380</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/ecogen695380</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">UXJOUM</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Genetically modified organism.history, achievements, social and environmental risks.</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>«ГМО: ИСТОРИЯ, ДОСТИЖЕНИЯ, СОЦИАЛЬНЫЕ И ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ РИСКИ»</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Cystinuria: animal models of disease</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Цистинурия: моделирование заболевания на животных</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4108-6161</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7921-4448</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kandina</surname><given-names>Daria A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кандина</surname><given-names>Дарья Алексеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Center for transgenesis and genome editing</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Центр трансгенеза и редактирования генома</p></bio><email>candyda20@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1124-3360</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1019-8610</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Luganskaya</surname><given-names>Polina S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Луганская</surname><given-names>Полина Сергеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Center for transgenesis and genome editing</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Центр трансгенеза и редактирования генома</p></bio><email>polina.luganskaja@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8920-6705</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5952-4539</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Akhmarov</surname><given-names>Ilyas I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ахмаров</surname><given-names>Ильяс Идрисович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Center for transgenesis and genome editing</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Центр трансгенеза и редактирования генома</p></bio><email>luvk7411@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3400-6678</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7459-9945</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kirillov</surname><given-names>Oleg A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кириллов</surname><given-names>Олег Андреевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Center for transgenesis and genome editing</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Центр трансгенеза и редактирования генома</p></bio><email>o-kirillov03@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7825-273X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6019-1547</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sopova</surname><given-names>Julia V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сопова</surname><given-names>Юлия Викторовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Center for transgenesis and genome editing</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Центр трансгенеза и редактирования генома</p></bio><email>sopova@hotmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0236-3302</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2573-1759</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Leonova</surname><given-names>Elena I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Леонова</surname><given-names>Елена Ивановна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Center for transgenesis and genome editing</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Центр трансгенеза и редактирования генома</p></bio><email>1102.elena@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Saint Petersburg State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-04-20" publication-format="electronic"><day>20</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-05-03" publication-format="electronic"><day>03</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>81</fpage><lpage>86</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-10-30"><day>30</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-03-23"><day>23</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/ecolgenet/article/view/695380">https://journals.eco-vector.com/ecolgenet/article/view/695380</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Cystinuria is a hereditary nephropathy caused by defects in the SLC3A1 and SLC7A9 genes, which encode the subunits of the heterodimeric transporter rBAT–b<sup>0,+</sup>AT. This complex mediates cystine reabsorption in the proximal renal tubules. Consequently, dysfunction of this complex leads to cystine accumulation in urine and the formation of cystine stones. A major challenge in patient management still remains delayed diagnosis, typically after the manifestation of urolithiasis, which particularly underscores the need to develop preventive and molecularly oriented approaches. The absence of effective therapies capable of modifying the course of the disease thus highlights the relevance of establishing adequate experimental models. Animal models—primarily murine—are clearly indispensable tools for both dissecting the molecular basis of cystinuria and for preclinical evaluation of potential novel therapeutic strategies. This comprehensive review summarizes all current data on animal models of cystinuria, with emphasis on their ability to reproduce important key aspects of the disease associated with dysfunction of the rBAT–b<sup>0,+</sup>AT transport complex.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Цистинурия представляет собой наследственную нефропатию, которая вызывается дефектами в генах SLC3A1 и SLC7A9. Эти гены кодируют субъединицы гетеродимерного транспортера rBAT–b<sup>0,+</sup>AT, который обеспечивает реабсорбцию цистина в проксимальных почечных канальцах. Нарушение функции данного транспортного комплекса приводит к накоплению цистина в моче и, как следствие, к формированию цистиновых камней. Серьёзной проблемой в ведении пациентов по-прежнему остаётся поздняя диагностика, которая обычно проводится уже после проявления мочекаменной болезни (уролитиаза). Это обстоятельство подчеркивает настоятельную необходимость разработки профилактических подходов, а также стратегий, ориентированных на молекулярные механизмы заболевания. Отсутствие эффективных методов лечения цистинурии делает крайне актуальным создание адекватных экспериментальных моделей. Животные модели, и в первую очередь мышиные, представляют собой незаменимый инструмент для детального изучения молекулярных основ цистинурии, а также для доклинической оценки потенциальных терапевтических стратегий. В настоящем обзоре суммированы современные данные о животных моделях цистинурии, при этом особое внимание уделяется их способности воспроизводить ключевые аспекты заболевания, ассоциированные с дисфункцией транспортного комплекса rBAT–b<sup>0,+</sup>AT, что имеет решающее значение для понимания патогенеза и разработки новых методов лечения.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cystinuria</kwd><kwd>SLC3A1</kwd><kwd>SLC7A9</kwd><kwd>rBAT–b0,+AT</kwd><kwd>animal disease models</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>цистинурия</kwd><kwd>SLC3A1</kwd><kwd>SLC7A9</kwd><kwd>rBAT–b0,+AT</kwd><kwd>животные модели заболевания</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The research was supported by the SPbSU grant PURE ID 148726920</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке гранта СПбГУ PURE ID 148726920</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Scriver CR. 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