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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Ecological genetics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Ecological genetics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Экологическая генетика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1811-0932</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2411-9202</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">695457</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/ecogen695457</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">EPNDSB</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Genetically modified organism. The history, achievements, social and environmental risks</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ГМО: История, достижения, социальные и экологические риски</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Development of genetic transformation methods for <italic>Oxalis tuberosa</italic> using <italic>Rhizobium rhizogenes</italic> and <italic>Agrobacterium tumefaciens</italic></article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Разработка методов генетической трансформации <italic>Oxalis tuberosa</italic> с помощью <italic>Rhizobium rhizogenes</italic> и <italic>Agrobacterium tumefaciens</italic></trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4903-5697</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Timoshicheva</surname><given-names>Anastasia V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тимошичева</surname><given-names>Анастасия Васильевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>timoshicheva.nastya@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5833-9939</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Petrova</surname><given-names>Karina I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Петрова</surname><given-names>Карина Игоревна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>karinkakriukova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1791-3063</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8398-1264</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gurina</surname><given-names>Alyona A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гурина</surname><given-names>Алёна Алексеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><email>a.gurina@vir.nw.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9631-6143</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3694-4470</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gancheva</surname><given-names>Maria S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ганчева</surname><given-names>Мария Семеновна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><email>m.gancheva@spbu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Saint Petersburg National Research University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный исследовательский университет ИТМО</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Saint Petersburg State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Всероссийский институт генетических ресурсов растений им. Н.И. Вавилова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт сельскохозяйственной микробиологии</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-05-20" publication-format="electronic"><day>20</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-07-02" publication-format="electronic"><day>02</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>193</fpage><lpage>200</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-10-31"><day>31</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-05-20"><day>20</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/ecolgenet/article/view/695457">https://journals.eco-vector.com/ecolgenet/article/view/695457</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Oca (<italic>Oxalis tuberosa </italic>M.) is an understudied Andean tuber crop with significant nutritional value. However, its genetic improvement and functional analysis are hindered by the lack of an established genetic transformation system.</p> <p><bold>AIM:</bold> This study aimed to establish transformation protocols for <italic>O. tuberosa </italic>using <italic>Rhizobium rhizogenes </italic>and <italic>Agrobacterium tumefaciens</italic>.</p> <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Composite plants with transgenic roots were generated by inoculating oca stem explants with <italic>R. rhizogenes </italic>strain ARqua1 carrying reporter constructs (eGFP, DsRED1, GUS, and RUBY). Transformation was confirmed using fluorescence microscopy (GFP, DsRED1), histochemical staining (GUS), and visual assessment (RUBY). To obtain fully transgenic plants, oca internodes and petioles were transformed with <italic>A. tumefaciens </italic>strain AGL1 carrying a vector containing the GUS reporter gene.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Expression of all four reporter genes was detected in transgenic oca roots. Furthermore, the regeneration potential of <italic>O. tuberosa </italic>explants was confirmed. Following <italic>A. tumefaciens </italic>transformation, regions with GUS activity were observed on calli, indicating successful transformation events.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> This study established the first methods for genetic transformation of <italic>O. tuberosa </italic>using <italic>R. rhizogenes </italic>and <italic>A. tumefaciens</italic>. The effectiveness of four reporter systems in transgenic roots was demonstrated, and a regeneration protocol for shoot formation from callus was evaluated. The potential of stable transformation using <italic>A. tumefaciens </italic>was shown, offering prospects for the genetic modification of this valuable yet understudied crop.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование. </bold>Кислица клубненосная, или ока, (Oxalis tuberosa M.) — малоизученная культура, выращиваемая в Андах и обладающая значительной питательной ценностью. Однако для неё не разработаны методы трансформации, что препятствует генно-инженерной работе с ней.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования. </bold>Данное исследование было направлено на разработку методов трансформации кислицы клубненосной с помощью Rhizobium rhizogenes и <italic>Agrobacterium tumefaciens</italic>.</p> <p><bold>Методы.</bold> Композитные растения с трансгенными корнями были получены путём инокуляции стеблевых эксплантатов оки штаммом R. rhizogenes ARqua1, несущим разные репортёрные конструкции (eGFP, DsRED1, GUS, RUBY). Трансформация была подтверждена с помощью флуоресцентной микроскопии (GFP, DsRED1), гистохимического окрашивания (GUS) и визуальной оценки (RUBY). Для получения полностью трансгенных растений, междоузлия и черешки оки были трансформированы штаммом A. tumefaciens AGL1, несущим вектор с репортёрной конструкцией GUS.</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>Была подтверждена экспрессия всех четырёх репортёрных генов в трансгенных корнях оки. Более того, подтверждён регенерационный потенциал эксплантов O. tuberosa. После трансформации A. tumefaciens на каллусах были выявлены области с GUS-активностью, что свидетельствует об успешной трансформации.</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>В данном исследовании впервые разработаны методы для генетической трансформации O. tuberosa с помощью R. rhizogenes и A. tumefaciens. Продемонстрирована эффективность четырёх репортёрных систем в трансгенных корнях и оценён протокол регенерации побегов из каллуса. Показана возможность стабильной трансформации с использованием A. tumefaciens, что открывает перспективы для генетической модификации этой ценной, но малоизученной культуры.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>agrobacterium-mediated transformation</kwd><kwd>Oxalis</kwd><kwd>oca</kwd><kwd>reporter genes</kwd><kwd>regeneration</kwd><kwd>transgenic plants</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>агробактериальная трансформация</kwd><kwd>Oxalis</kwd><kwd>кислица</kwd><kwd>репортёрные гены</kwd><kwd>регенерация</kwd><kwd>трансгенные растения</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный фонд</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>24-76-00018</award-id></award-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The work is supported by Russian Science Foundation grant No. 24-76-00018</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа поддержана грантом Российского научного фонда № 24-76-00018</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Khan MRI, Heyes JK, Cohen D. 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