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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="brief-report" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Ecological genetics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Ecological genetics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Экологическая генетика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1811-0932</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2411-9202</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">695596</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/ecogen695596</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">CAXFJT</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Genetically modified organism.history, achievements, social and environmental risks.</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>«ГМО: ИСТОРИЯ, ДОСТИЖЕНИЯ, СОЦИАЛЬНЫЕ И ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ РИСКИ»</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Short Communication</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Comparative analysis of TIDE and ICE algorithms for predicting mutations in F0 and F1 generation mice after CRISP-Cas9 genome editing</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Сравнительный анализ алгоритмов TIDE и ICE для прогнозирования мутаций у мышей поколений F0 и F1 после редактирования генома с помощью CRISPR-Cas9</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8920-6705</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5952-4539</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Akhmarov</surname><given-names>Ilyas I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ахмаров</surname><given-names>Ильяс Идрисович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Center for Transgenesis and Genome Editing</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Центр трансгенеза и редактирования генома</p></bio><email>luvk7411@ya.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1124-3360</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1019-8610</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Luganskaya</surname><given-names>Polina S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Луганская</surname><given-names>Полина Сергеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Center for Transgenesis and Genome Editing</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Центр трансгенеза и редактирования генома</p></bio><email>polina.luganskaja@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3400-6678</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7459-9945</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kirillov</surname><given-names>Oleg A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кириллов</surname><given-names>Олег Андреевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Center for Transgenesis and Genome Editing</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Центр трансгенеза и редактирования генома</p></bio><email>o-kirillov03@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4108-6161</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7921-4448</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kandina</surname><given-names>Daria A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кандина</surname><given-names>Дарья Алексеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Center for Transgenesis and Genome Editing</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Центр трансгенеза и редактирования генома</p></bio><email>candyda20@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7839-8482</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8364-4430</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Romanovich</surname><given-names>Anna E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Романович</surname><given-names>Анна Эдуардовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Resource Center “Development of Molecular and Cellular Technologies”</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ресурсный центр «Развитие молекулярных и клеточных технологий»</p></bio><email>a.romanovich@spbu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7825-273X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6019-1547</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sopova</surname><given-names>Julia V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сопова</surname><given-names>Юлия Викторовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology), Center for Transgenesis and Genome Editing</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, Центр трансгенеза и редактирования генома</p></bio><email>sopova@hotmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0236-3302</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2573-1759</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Leonova</surname><given-names>Elena I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Леонова</surname><given-names>Елена Ивановна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology), Center for Transgenesis and Genome Editing</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, Центр трансгенеза и редактирования генома</p></bio><email>1102.elena@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Saint Petersburg State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-04-20" publication-format="electronic"><day>20</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-05-03" publication-format="electronic"><day>03</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>95</fpage><lpage>100</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-10-31"><day>31</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-04-01"><day>01</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/ecolgenet/article/view/695596">https://journals.eco-vector.com/ecolgenet/article/view/695596</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> The CRISPR/Cas9 technology enables the generation of genetically modified founder animals (F0 generation) already at the stage of zygote editing. However, the resulting offspring are often mosaic, meaning they carry different mutations in different cells, which complicates accurate genotyping using standard tissue samples. To establish a stable knockout line, it is necessary to identify F0 individuals carrying the target mutations, which requires subsequent crossing with wild-type mice and a large-scale analysis of the F1 offspring, involving significant costs. Therefore, the efficient prediction of inheritable mutations at the F0 generation stage is a critical task.</p> <p><bold>AIM: </bold>A comparative evaluation of the efficiency of the TIDE and ICE bioinformatic algorithms for analyzing Sanger sequencing data to accurately predict inheritable mutations in the vldlr gene in F0 mosaic mice.</p> <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>The study was conducted on five F0 mosaic mice with mutations in the vldlr gene, obtained by microinjection of CRISPR/Cas9 components into zygotes. Genomic DNA was isolated from ear tissue, the target region of the vldlr gene was amplified by PCR and sequenced by the Sanger method. The resulting chromatograms were analyzed using the TIDE and ICE algorithms. The predictions were validated by crossing the F0 mice with wild-type mice and analyzing the inheritance of mutations in the F1 generation.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>The comparison of the algorithms showed that both programs correctly predicted all mutations that were subsequently detected in the F1 generation. In total, 31 F1 offspring were analyzed.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>Both tools are suitable for primary screening. The analysis of the offspring confirmed that all actually inherited mutations were predicted by both methods.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> Технология CRISPR/Cas9 позволяет проводить редактирование генома зигот и получать генетически модифицированных животных в поколении F0. Однако полученное потомство часто является мозаичным, то есть несёт целый спектр мутаций в разных клетках организма и затрудняет точное генотипирование с использованием стандартных образцов тканей. Для создания стабильной нокаутной линии необходимо идентифицировать особей F0, несущих целевые мутации, что требует скрещивания мышей F0 с мышами дикого типа и масштабного анализа потомства F1, сопряженного со значительными затратами. Поэтому эффективное прогнозирование наиболее вероятных мутаций с высокой вероятностью наследования уже на стадии поколения F0 рассматривается как критически важная задача.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования.</bold> Сравнительная оценка эффективности биоинформатических алгоритмов TIDE и ICE для анализа данных секвенирования по Сэнгеру с целью предсказания мутаций в гене vldlr с наибольшей вероятностью наследования у мозаичных мышей поколения F0.</p> <p><bold>Методы.</bold> Исследование проведено на 5 мозаичных мышах F0 с мутациями в гене vldlr, полученных путем микроинъекции компонентов системы CRISPR/Cas9 в зиготы. Геномная ДНК была выделена из ткани уха, целевой участок гена vldlr был амплифицирован с помощью ПЦР и секвенирован методом Сэнгера. Полученные хроматограммы были проанализированы с использованием алгоритмов TIDE и ICE. Варианты предсказанных мутаций были валидированы путем скрещивания мышей F0 с мышами дикого типа и анализа наследования мутаций в поколении F1.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Сравнение алгоритмов показало, что обе программы корректно предсказали все мутации, которые впоследствии были обнаружены в поколении F1. Всего было проанализировано 30 мышей поколения F1.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Оба алгоритма пригодны для первичного скрининга. Анализ потомства подтвердил, что все фактически унаследованные мутации были предсказаны обоими методами.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>CRISPR/Cas9 technology</kwd><kwd>bioinformatic algorithms</kwd><kwd>TIDE</kwd><kwd>ICE</kwd><kwd>F0 mosaic mice</kwd><kwd>vldlr gene</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>технология CRISPR/Cas9</kwd><kwd>биоинформатические алгоритмы</kwd><kwd>TIDE</kwd><kwd>ICE</kwd><kwd>мозаичные мыши поколения F0</kwd><kwd>ген vldlr</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This work was supported by Saint Petersburg State University, project ID 148726920.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке Санкт-Петербургского государственного университета (ID проекта 148726920).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Hall B, Cho A, Limaye A, et al. 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