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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Ecological genetics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Ecological genetics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Экологическая генетика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1811-0932</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2411-9202</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">697772</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/ecogen697772</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">PBXFTO</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Genetically modified organism. The history, achievements, social and environmental risks</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ГМО: История, достижения, социальные и экологические риски</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Naturally transgenic plants as a model for studying delayed environmental risks of GMO cultivation: new evidence and generalizations</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Природно-трансгенные растения как модель изучения отсроченных экологических рисков возделывания ГМО: новые факты и обобщения</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8569-6665</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3877-6598</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Matveeva</surname><given-names>Tatiana V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Матвеева</surname><given-names>Татьяна Валерьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biology), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>radishlet@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Saint Petersburg State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">All-Russian Research Institute of Plant Protection</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт защиты растений</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-12-05" publication-format="electronic"><day>05</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-05-03" publication-format="electronic"><day>03</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>9</fpage><lpage>14</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-12-04"><day>04</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-12-05"><day>05</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/ecolgenet/article/view/697772">https://journals.eco-vector.com/ecolgenet/article/view/697772</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Transgenic plants occupy an important place in modern agriculture in many countries. The global area under genetically modified crops continues to increase each year and currently exceeds 200 million hectares. Increasing attention in the scientific data is devoted to assessing the potential environmental consequences of cultivating transgenic plants. Particular concern is associated with the possible effects of insecticidal proteins on non-target fauna and on microbial communities of the rhizosphere and phyllosphere. Another important issue is the escape of transgenes into the environment, which may occur through the uncontrolled introduction of seeds of transgenic crops into biocenoses, as well as through cross-pollination between transgenic plants and non-transgenic varieties of the same species or related plant species. The emergence and spread of spontaneous hybrids of transgenic varieties have been monitored by several researchers over multiple years of experiments; however, conducting long-term studies of these processes remains problematic. In this context, naturally transgenic plants, which originated in nature as a result of genetic transformation hundreds of thousands to millions of years ago, may serve as an interesting model for studying the evolutionary fate of transgenes, both under stabilizing selection in their favor and in its absence. Recent studies have expanded the list of naturally transgenic plants. It currently includes more than two hundred. Of particular interest in this context are genera in which the diversity of natural transgene sequences has been studied in detail across a large number of species, ecotypes, and populations. These include Nicotiana, Camellia, Arachis, Vaccinium, Cuscuta, Ipomoea, and several others. Within representatives of these genera, different evolutionary trajectories of natural transgenes can be observed. Some transgenes remain intact and expressed, leading to the emergence of new biosynthetic pathways in plants. Others gradually lose their integrity, accumulate point mutations, and over time undergo more substantial rearrangements, up to complete elimination. Such trends have been reported for certain genes in species belonging to the genera Nicotiana, Camellia, Arachis, and Vaccinium. Taken together, these findings suggest that in the absence of selective pressure favoring traits controlled by transgenes, plants not only accumulate point mutations but may also gradually eliminate transgenes.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Трансгенные растения занимают важное место в современном сельском хозяйстве многих стран. Посевные площади под генно-инженерно-модифицированными культурами увеличиваются год от года и ныне составляют более 200 млн га. В научной литературе всё больше внимания уделяют оценке возможных экологических последствий возделывания трансгенных растений. Наибольшую обеспокоенность вызывают вопросы, связанные с возможностью действия инсектицидных белков на нецелевую фауну и сообщества микроорганизмов ризосферы и филлосферы, а также проблемы утечки трансгенов в окружающую среду вследствие бесконтрольного попадания семян трансгенных культур в биоценозы и вследствие переопыления трансгенных растений с нетрансгенными сортами того же вида или представителями родственных видов растений. Мониторинг возникновения и распространения спонтанных гибридов трансгенных сортов был исследован рядом авторов в течение нескольких лет эксперимента, однако проведение более долгосрочных исследований проблематично. В этой связи природно-трансгенные растения, возникшие в природе в результате генетической трансформации сотни тысяч – миллионы лет назад, могут выступать интересной моделью эволюционной судьбы трансгенов в случае стабилизирующего отбора в их пользу и в отсутствие такового. Исследования последних лет позволили расширить список природно-трансгенных растений. Сейчас он насчитывает более двухсот. Особый интерес в контексте данной проблемы представляют рода, в которых наиболее детально оценено разнообразие последовательностей природных трансгенов у большого количества видов, экотипов, популяций. К ним относятся Nicotiana, Camellia, Arachis, Vaccinium, Cuscuta, Ipomoea и некоторые другие. У представителей данных родов можно проследить различные эволюционные судьбы природных трансгенов. Часть из них остаётся интактной, экспрессируется, приводя к появлению у растений новых биосинтетических путей. Другая часть теряет свою интактность, накапливает точковые мутации, а со временем претерпевает более существенные перестройки, вплоть до полной элиминации. Такие тенденции отмечены для некоторых генов у видов в пределах родов Nicotiana, Camellia, Arachis, Vaccinium. Эти данные в совокупности наводят на мысль, что в отсутствие селективного отбора в пользу признаков, контролируемых трансгенами, растение не только накапливает точковые мутации, но и пытается избавиться от трансгенов.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>transgenic plants</kwd><kwd>environmental risks</kwd><kwd>natural transgenes</kwd><kwd>mutations</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>трансгеные растения</kwd><kwd>экологические риски</kwd><kwd>природные трансгены</kwd><kwd>мутации</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный фонд</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>25-26-00123</award-id></award-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation, grant 25-26-00123.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при поддержке Российского научного фонда, грант 25-26-00123.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Matveeva TV. 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