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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Ecological genetics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Ecological genetics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Экологическая генетика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1811-0932</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2411-9202</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">698550</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/ecogen698550</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Genetically modified organism.history, achievements, social and environmental risks.</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>«ГМО: ИСТОРИЯ, ДОСТИЖЕНИЯ, СОЦИАЛЬНЫЕ И ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ РИСКИ»</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">IDENTIFICATION OF THE AMYLOIDOGENIC DOMAIN IN THE INTEGRASE OF YEAST RETROTRANSPOSON TY1</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>ВЫЯВЛЕНИЕ АМИЛОИДОГЕННОГО ДОМЕНА В ИНТЕГРАЗЕ РЕТРОТРАНСПОЗОНА ДРОЖЖЕЙ TY1</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2068-3024</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5832-1192</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zelinsky</surname><given-names>Andrew A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зелинский</surname><given-names>Андрей А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>M. Sci. (Biol.), Researcher, Laboratory of Amyloid Biology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Научный сотрудник, Научной лаборатории биологии амилоидов</p></bio><email>andrew_zelinsky@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5504-7362</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7113-6941</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ryabinina</surname><given-names>Marina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рябинина</surname><given-names>Марина Владиславовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD student, Junior reasercher , Laboratory of Amyloid Biology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Аспирант, младший научный сотрудник, Научной лаборатории биологии амилоидов</p></bio><email>marina.ryabinina.v@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2342-6886</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5631-3525</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kajava</surname><given-names>Andrey V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Каява</surname><given-names>Андрей Вилхович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="FR">France</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Professor</p></bio><email>andrey.kajava@crbm.cnrs.fr</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8934-9051</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">J-2833-2014</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6201-0359</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chernoff</surname><given-names>Yury O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чернов</surname><given-names>Юрий Олегович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="US">United States</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>School of Biological Sciences, Cand. Sci. (Biol.), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Школа биологических наук, канд. биол. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>yury.chernoff@biology.gatech.edu</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6203-2006</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">23981106300</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">D-2903-2013</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3961-4690</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rubel</surname><given-names>Aleksandr A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рубель</surname><given-names>Александр Анатольевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Head of the Laboratory of Amyloid biology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, руководитель Научной лаборатории биологии амилидов</p></bio><email>arubel@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Saint Petersburg State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">University of Montpellier</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Университет Монпелье</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Georgia Institute of Technology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Технологический институт Джорджии</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">St. Petersburg State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-01-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-12-15"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-12-30"><day>30</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; , Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; , Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/ecolgenet/article/view/698550">https://journals.eco-vector.com/ecolgenet/article/view/698550</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background: </bold>Retrotransposons are mobile genetic elements that replicate via reverse transcription and constitute substantial fractions of eukaryotic genomes; they are also considered evolutionary precursors of retroviruses, and can affect host fitness. Intriguingly, some retrotransposon proteins share motifs with amyloids – fibrous protein aggregates with cross-β architecture that readily self-assemble into polymeric structures and can, in some cases, self-propagate in an infectious manner (prions).</p> <p><bold>Aim: </bold>To identify and characterize potential amyloid-forming regions within the integrase of <italic>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</italic> Ty1 retrotransposon, which mediates integration of transposon copies into the host genome.</p> <p><bold>Methods: </bold>Computational analysis of the Ty1 integrase sequence was performed with the ArchCandy algorithm to identify putative amyloidogenic motifs. To evaluate the amyloidogenic potential of candidate regions, we employed a yeast-based nucleation assay. Aggregation was visualized by expressing Ty1Int(AD)-GFP fusion constructs. Colocalization of Ty1 amyloidogenic domain with full length in yeast cells was evaluated by confocal microscopy.</p> <p><bold>Results: </bold>We identified and experimentally validated an amyloidogenic region within the Ty1 integrase, designated Ty1Int(AD). ArchCandy predicted the region with amyloidogenic potential, and these predictions were confirmed in a yeast prion‑nucleation assay and by expression of the Ty1Int(AD)–GFP fragment, which formed detergent‑resistant aggregates. Confocal microscopy showed co‑localization of these aggregates with native Ty1 integrase fused with YFP, indicating recruitment of the full‑length protein into inclusions.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion:</bold> Together, these results identify a previously unrecognized amyloidogenic region within Ty1 integrase, possessing amyloid-like properties, and suggest that aggregation of this domain may regulate retrotransposon activity by altering integrase availability and/or function. This is therefore important for the design, optimization, and biosafety assessment of retrotransposon‑based vectors and other GMO constructs.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение:</bold> Ретротранспозоны – мобильные генетические элементы, реплицирующиеся через механизм обратной транскрипции и составляющие значительную долю генетического материала у многих эукариот. Они рассматриваются как эволюционные предшественники ретровирусов и могут влиять на приспособленность хозяина. У ряда белков ретротранспозонов выявлены структуры, сходные с обнаруженными в белках, формирующих амилоиды – фибриллярные белковые агрегатами с кросс‑β архитектурой, которые способны к самосборке и в ряде случаев к нуклеированной пролиферации по механизму самовоспроизводимых изоформ (прионов).</p> <p><bold>Цель:</bold> Выявить и охарактеризовать потенциально амилоидогенные участки в интегразе ретротранспозона Ty1 дрожжей <italic>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</italic>, ферменте, ответственном за интеграцию копий транспозона в геном хозяина.</p> <p><bold>Методы:</bold> Выявление предполагаемых амилоидогенных мотивов в последовательности интегразы Ty1 осуществляли с помощью алгоритма ArchCandy. Анализ амилоидогенного потенциала фрагмента интегразы <italic>in </italic><italic>vivo</italic> проводили при помощи дрожжевой модели фенотипической детекции амилоидов. Для визуализации агрегатов, формируемых интегразой Ty1 или её фрагментом, использовали конструкции, в которых последовательности, кодирующие белки интереса, слиты с последовательностью, кодирующей белок GFP. Колокализацию амилоидогенного домена Ty1 с полноразмерной интегразой оценивали методом конфокальной микроскопии.</p> <p><bold>Результаты:</bold> Мы выявили и экспериментально подтвердили наличие амилоидогенного участка в интегразе Ty1, обозначенного как Ty1Int(AD). Участок с амилоидогенным потенциалом был предсказан при помощи алгоритма ArchCandy; предсказания были подтверждены в дрожжевой системе фенотипической детекции амилоидов, а также при экспрессии фрагмента Ty1Int(AD)–YFP, который формировал детергент‑устойчивые агрегаты. Конфокальная микроскопия показала колокализацию этих агрегатов с полноразмерной интегразой Ty1, слитой с YFP.</p> <p><bold>Заключение:</bold> Выявлен ранее не описанный амилоидогенный участок в интегразе Ty1, агрегация которого может модулировать активность ретротранспозона за счёт изменения доступности и/или функциональной активности интегразы. Учет риска агрегации интегразы важен при проектировании, оптимизации и оценке биобезопасности векторов на основе ретротранспозонов и других ГМО‑конструкций.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Ty1 integrase</kwd><kwd>amyloids</kwd><kwd>ArchCandy</kwd><kwd>yeast</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>интеграза Ty1</kwd><kwd>амилоиды</kwd><kwd>ArchCandy</kwd><kwd>дрожжи</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный фонд</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>№ 21-74-20093-П</award-id></award-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">St. Petersburg State University</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет, Санкт-Петербург</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>125021902561-­6</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Kim JM, Vanguri S, Boeke JD, Gabriel A, Voytas DF. 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