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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Ecological genetics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Ecological genetics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Экологическая генетика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1811-0932</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2411-9202</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">698550</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/ecogen698550</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">OEPJZC</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Genetically modified organism. The history, achievements, social and environmental risks</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ГМО: История, достижения, социальные и экологические риски</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Identification of the amyloidogenic domain in the integrase of yeast retrotransposon Ty1</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Выявление амилоидогенного домена в интегразе ретротранспозона дрожжей Ty1</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2068-3024</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5832-1192</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zelinsky</surname><given-names>Andrew A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зелинский</surname><given-names>Андрей Андреевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>andrew_zelinsky@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5504-7362</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7113-6941</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ryabinina</surname><given-names>Marina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рябинина</surname><given-names>Марина Владиславовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>marina.v1205@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2342-6886</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5631-3525</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kajava</surname><given-names>Andrey V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Каява</surname><given-names>Андрей Вилхович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>andrey.kajava@crbm.cnrs.fr</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8934-9051</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6201-0359</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chernoff</surname><given-names>Yury O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чернов</surname><given-names>Юрий Олегович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="US">United States</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Professor, School of Biological Sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, профессор, School of Biological Sciences</p></bio><email>yury.chernoff@biology.gatech.edu</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6203-2006</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3961-4690</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rubel</surname><given-names>Aleksandr A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рубель</surname><given-names>Александр Анатольевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><email>a.rubel@spbu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Saint Petersburg State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff id="aff2"><institution>University of Montpellier</institution></aff><aff id="aff3"><institution>Georgia Institute of Technology</institution></aff><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-01-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-07-02" publication-format="electronic"><day>02</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>181</fpage><lpage>192</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-12-15"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-12-30"><day>30</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/ecolgenet/article/view/698550">https://journals.eco-vector.com/ecolgenet/article/view/698550</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Retrotransposons are mobile genetic elements that replicate via reverse transcription and constitute substantial fractions of eukaryotic genomes; they are also considered evolutionary precursors of retroviruses, and can affect host fitness. Intriguingly, some retrotransposon proteins share motifs with amyloids—fibrous protein aggregates with cross-β architecture that readily self-assemble into polymeric structures and can, in some cases, self-propagate in an infectious manner (prions).</p> <p><bold>AIM:</bold> To identify and characterize potential amyloid-forming regions within the integrase of <italic>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</italic> Ty1 retrotransposon, which mediates integration of transposon copies into the host genome.</p> <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Computational analysis of the Ty1 integrase sequence was performed with the ArchCandy algorithm to identify putative amyloidogenic motifs. To evaluate the amyloidogenic potential of candidate regions, we employed a yeast-based nucleation assay. Aggregation was visualized by expressing Ty1Int(AD)-GFP fusion constructs. Colocalization of Ty1 amyloidogenic domain with full length in yeast cells was evaluated by confocal microscopy.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> We identified and experimentally validated an amyloidogenic region within the Ty1 integrase, designated Ty1Int(AD). ArchCandy predicted the region with amyloidogenic potential, and these predictions were confirmed in a yeast prion-nucleation assay and by expression of the Ty1Int(AD)-GFP fragment, which formed detergent-resistant aggregates. Confocal microscopy showed co-localization of these aggregates with native Ty1 integrase fused with YFP, indicating recruitment of the full-length protein into inclusions.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Together, these results identify a previously unrecognized amyloidogenic region within Ty1 integrase, possessing amyloid-like properties, and suggest that aggregation of this domain may regulate retrotransposon activity by altering integrase availability and/or function. This is therefore important for the design, optimization, and biosafety assessment of retrotransposon based vectors and other GMO constructs.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование. </bold>Ретротранспозоны — мобильные генетические элементы, реплицирующиеся через механизм обратной транскрипции и составляющие значительную долю генетического материала у многих эукариот. Они рассматриваются как эволюционные предшественники ретровирусов и могут влиять на приспособленность хозяина. У ряда белков ретротранспозонов выявлены структуры, сходные с обнаруженными в белках, формирующих амилоиды — фибриллярные белковые агрегатами с кросс-β-архитектурой, которые способны к самосборке и в ряде случаев к нуклеированной пролиферации по механизму самовоспроизводимых изоформ (прионов).</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования. </bold>Выявить и охарактеризовать потенциально амилоидогенные участки в интегразе ретротранспозона Ty1 дрожжей Saccharomyces cerevisiae, ферменте, ответственном за интеграцию копий транспозона в геном хозяина.</p> <p><bold>Методы. </bold>Выявление предполагаемых амилоидогенных мотивов в последовательности интегразы Ty1 осуществляли с помощью алгоритма ArchCandy. Анализ амилоидогенного потенциала фрагмента интегразы in vivo проводили при помощи дрожжевой модели фенотипической детекции амилоидов. Для визуализации агрегатов, формируемых интегразой Ty1 или её фрагментом, использовали конструкции, в которых последовательности, кодирующие белки интереса, слиты с последовательностью, кодирующей белок GFP. Колокализацию амилоидогенного домена Ty1 с полноразмерной интегразой оценивали методом конфокальной микроскопии.</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>Выявлено и экспериментально подтверждено наличие амилоидогенного участка в интегразе Ty1, обозначенного как Ty1Int(AD). Участок с амилоидогенным потенциалом был предсказан при помощи алгоритма ArchCandy; предсказания были подтверждены в дрожжевой системе фенотипической детекции амилоидов, а также при экспрессии фрагмента Ty1Int(AD)-YFP, который формировал детергент-устойчивые агрегаты. Конфокальная микроскопия показала колокализацию этих агрегатов с полноразмерной интегразой Ty1, слитой с YFP.</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>Выявлен ранее неописанный амилоидогенный участок в интегразе Ty1, агрегация которого может модулировать активность ретротранспозона за счёт изменения доступности и/или функциональной активности интегразы. Учёт риска агрегации интегразы важен при проектировании, оптимизации и оценке биобезопасности векторов на основе ретротранспозонов и других конструкций генетически модифицированных организмов.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Ty1 integrase</kwd><kwd>amyloids</kwd><kwd>ArchCandy</kwd><kwd>yeast</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>интеграза Ty1</kwd><kwd>амилоиды</kwd><kwd>ArchCandy</kwd><kwd>дрожжи</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный фонд</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>21-74-20093-П</award-id></award-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Government of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Правительство РФ</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>125021902561-6</award-id></award-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The research was supported in part by the Russian Science Foundation grant No. 21-74-20093-П (Bioinformatic analysis) and by project No. 125021902561-6 from Saint Petersburg State University</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено при поддержке Российского научного фонда (грант № 21-74-20093-П) (биоинформатический анализ) и Санкт-Петербургского государственного университета (проект № 125021902561-6)</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Kim JM, Vanguri S, Boeke JD, et al. 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