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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Ecological genetics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Ecological genetics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Экологическая генетика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1811-0932</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2411-9202</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">706669</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/ecogen706669</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Genetic basis of ecosystems evolution</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Генетические основы эволюции экосистем</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Unknown</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">N. I. Vavilov’s Fundamental Research: Centers of Origin of Cultivated Plants (a review)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Фундаментальные исследования Н. И. Вавилова: центры происхождения культурных растений (обзор)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9250-7225</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2715-2082</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Loskutov</surname><given-names>IGOR G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лоскутов</surname><given-names>Игорь Градиславович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>i.loskutov@vir.nw.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8470-8254</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3061-1429</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khlestkina</surname><given-names>Elena K.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хлесткина</surname><given-names>Елена Констанитиновна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>director@vir.nw.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">VIR</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ВИР</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-07-22" publication-format="electronic"><day>22</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-04-23"><day>23</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-07-22"><day>22</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; , Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; , Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/ecolgenet/article/view/706669">https://journals.eco-vector.com/ecolgenet/article/view/706669</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>In 2026, the worldwide scientific community celebrates the 100th anniversary of Nikolai Vavilov’s theory of the centers of origin of cultivated plants. It is hard to underestimate the impact of that concept on the <italic>ex situ</italic> and <italic>in situ </italic>conservation of the world’s crop biodiversity and on plant breeding practice. This review contemplates the historical background of Vavilov’s theoretical postulation of the centers of origin, starting from his earliest research endeavors, numerous plant explorations, and collecting missions, which led him to change the number of those centers, up to his comprehensive publication <italic>Studies on the Origin of Cultivated Plants</italic> in 1926, where he paid tribute to his renowned predecessors, de Candolle and Darwin. It was closely linked to the law of homologous series in hereditary variation—Vavilov’s first fundamental concept published in 1920—which clarified what plant forms were expected to be found, even though they had not yet been described for any closely related species. His associates and followers broadened and reinforced the basic aspects of the theory of centers of origin through their expeditions and new collecting efforts and confirmed the law of homologous series by finding plant forms with missing properties while exploring various countries of the world. The key notions of Vavilov’s theory remain important for contemporary targeted collecting of plant genetic resources and for worldwide agricultural biodiversity conservation, as well as for the development of modern biological research into the mechanisms of crop evolution and adaptation. Examples are provided here to illustrate recent investigations on the genetic resources of cultivated plants and their wild relatives from the VIR collection using genomic and phenomic approaches with new insights into the potential of plant germplasm collected in primary and secondary centers of crop origin.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В 2026 году мировое научное сообщество отмечает 100 лет со дня изложения Николаем Ивановичем Вавиловым теории о центрах происхождения культурных растений. Значение теории для <italic>ex </italic><italic>situ</italic> и <italic>in </italic><italic>situ</italic> сохранения мирового агробиоразнообразия и для селекции растений трудно переоценить. В статье представлены исторические предпосылки формирования теоретической концепции центров происхождения культурных растений Н. И. Вавилова, начиная с первых исследовательских работ, многочисленных экспедиций и сборов растительного материала, где число центров меняется, до обширной публикации «Центры происхождения культурных растений» в 1926 г. Особенно тесно с теорией центров происхождения связан закон гомологических рядов в наследственной изменчивости, который был первой теоретической разработкой Вавилова, опубликованной в 1920 г. Этот закон демонстрирует какие формы растений могут быть найдены, если у близкородственных видов они не были описаны до настоящего времени. Соратники и последователи Н.И. Вавилова, расширили и углубили основные положения теории центров происхождения на основе экспедиционных обследований и вновь собранного материала подтвердили правильность закона гомологических рядов, найдя формы растений с недостающими признаками, во время экспедиционного обследования многих странах мира. Ключевые теоретические положения Вавилова и наше время важны для целенаправленного сбора генетических ресурсов растений и глобального сохранения агробиоразнообразия, а также для развития исследований в области современной биологии растений, раскрывающих механизмы эволюции и адаптации культурных растений. В статье приводятся примеры современных исследований генетических ресурсов культурных растений и их диких родичей из коллекции ВИР при помощи современных геномных и феномных подходов, раскрывающих с новой стороны потенциал материала, мобилизованного из первичных и вторичных Центров происхождения культурных растений.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Vavilov, plant genetic resources, centers of origin, law of homologous series, expeditions, agricultural biodiversity, genomic and phenomic approaches</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Вавилов, растительные генетические ресурсы, центры происхождения, закон гомологических рядов, экспедиции, сельскохозяйственное биоразнообразие, геномные и феномические подходы</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><award-id>№ 075-02-2024-1090</award-id></award-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The work was carried out within the framework of the implementation of the Development Program of the National Center for Plant Genetic Resources under the Agreement with the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia dated February 15, 2024 No. 075-02-2024-1090.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках реализации Программы развития Национального центра генетических ресурсов растений по соглашению с Минобрнауки России от 15 февраля 2024 года № 075-02-2024-1090.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">1. 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