Vol 8, No 3 (2017)

Minimizing infant mortality (IM) is the primary national objective of the Russian Federation.

Aim: This study aimed to analyze IM indicators in the Russian Federation and identify factors that influence the dynamics of IM. The level of leading regional indicators of socioeconomic development and provision by doctors and hospital beds in the Russian Federation was studied and compared with the similar factors in foreign countries.

Materials: Official and operative reports of Rosstat for 2011-2016 were assessed.

Results. The coefficient of IM was 6.0 per 1000 live births in the Russian Federation, and varied from 4.8-9.2 in federal districts. The indicator increased in 2012 in connection with the transition to a new system of newborn registration. The indicator witnessed a permanent decline in 2016 and revealed a negative correlation between the regional bulk products and the coefficient of IM and a positive correlation with the overall IM. However, the relationship among the indicators of IM and the size of the region, the number of highways, the number of patients per one hospital bed or assigned to one doctor could not be established.

Conclusion. In the Russian Federation, IM is higher than that indeveloped countries; has permanent tendency to decline; correlates with regional bulk products; does not depend on transport availability, provision with doctors, and hospital beds; and is determined by the organization and the quality of medical care.

The results of the application of cold atmospheric plasma are discussed in the experimental study. The effectiveness of an experimental wound dressing based on chitosan nanofibers and copolyamide and a commercial wound dressing material based on hyaluronic acid hydrogel in the treatment of third-degree skin burns (ICD-10) is also evaluated. During the first phase of the study, an original method of inflicting thermal burn on the skin of small laboratory animals (rodents) was developed. The temperature of dehaired skin and the temperature of skin heated by resistive electrical element metal plate were obtained through a digital thermometer sensor. The source for the generation of cold atmospheric plasma was made by specialists of St. Petersburg Polytechnic University of Peter the Great. Biopsy material for histological assay was taken 3, 7, 12, 15, 21, and 28 days after treatment. Paraffinic microscopic sectioning was performed with hematoxylin and eosin; after this, microscopic assay was done. The use of cold atmospheric plasma decreases the frequency of purulent complications and also helps reduce the recovery time of the skin by 20% (p < 0.05) but is not sufficient to achieve the result that has been proclaimed after an early escharectomy and replacement of surgical defects by wound dressing materials based on natural polymers. It was demonstrated that the wound dressing based on aliphatic copolyamide and chitosan and hyaluronic acid hydrogel can help significantly accelerate the process of reparative regeneration and histogenesis in the heat-affected zone after escharectomy for up to 14.6%-46% (p < 0.05).

Aim: To determine the hemodynamic patterns in preterm neonates with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) using the USCOM-1A technology.

Materials and Methods: The USCOM device is a bedside method of evaluating cardiac output (CO) based on continuous-wave Doppler ultrasound. Hemodynamic parameters were measured daily for 7 days in 32 preterm neonates 32 ± 1 weeks of gestation (1688 ± 111 g) with RDS requiring noninvasive respiratory support (NCPAP, NIPPV, HFNC) and no catecholamine support in comparison with 28 healthy term neonates (3100 ± 690 g).

Results: At day 1, preterm neonates had lower SVI (18 ± 5 vs 28 ± 8 ml m−2, p = 0.043) and higher SVRI (1585 ± 245 vs 1035 ± 358 dyn s cm−5 m2, p = 0.013) with a tendency for lower cardiac index (2.6 ± 0.8 vs 4.0 ± 1.3 l min−1 m−2, p = 0.089). Together with no difference in SMII, it indicates the presence of diastolic dysfunction with low preload. It is noted that all parameters had not changed by day 7 in preterm neonates, whereas term neonates demonstrated significantly increased SMII reflecting postnatal cardiovascular adaptation. Compared with preterm neonates with RDS requiring NCPAP/NIPPV, preterm neonates requiring HFNC had higher levels of FTc (330 ± 59 vs 388 ± 41 ms, р = 0.045), SVI (13 ± 3 vs 18 ± 4, ml/m2, р = 0.007), SMII (0.41 ± 0.09 vs 0.57 ± 0.21, р = 0.02), and CI (2.2 ± 0.6 vs 4.5 ± 0.9 l/min/m2, р = 0.006).

Conclusions:Noninvasive respiratory support in preterm neonates with RDS may lead to diastolic dysfunction that is less prominent in neonates with HFNC.

We studied biopsies of gastric mucosa and the gastric antrum bodies obtained from 60 children with chronic gastritis and chronic gastritis in combination with chronic glomerulonephritis. Clinical data of patients (age, gender, duration of the underlying disease, conducted therapy, the results of laboratory and instrumental studies) were studied. It conducts research using histological and immunohistochemical methods. A morphological study of the sections found gastrobiopsies characteristic manifestations of chronic gastritis c signs of chlamydial lesions. The immunohistochemical method determined Chlamidia trachomatis antigens in the antrum and corpus. The positive expression in the epithelial cells of glands and endothelial microvascular gastric mucosa with concomitant lesions of the stomach and kidneys. The possibility of the development of chronic gastritis chlamydial infection in chronic glomerulonephritis. Based on the obtained results was made comprehensive assessment of the gastric mucosa based on morphological, immunohistochemical and clinical data. The features of stromal-vascular responses in the development of chronic gastritis occurring in isolation and combined with chronic glomerulonephritis. The effect of steroid therapy, as a cause of decrease in protective mechanisms of gastric mucosa in children. The data supporting the need for immunohistochemical studies for the etiologic diagnosis of chronic gastritis and the subsequent selection of appropriate therapy.

Phenotypical implications of genetic features are anomalies of the constitution or diathesis. A research objective children had an identification with a tuberculosis infection of occurrence of diathesis. 222 children aged from 1 year up to 14 years are examined: 106 children with active forms of tuberculosis; 54 children with residual post-tubercular changes; 62 children infected with MBT. Limfatiko-hypoplastic, allergic, neuroarthritic, exudative and catarral diathesis was taped. Children with limfatiko-hypoplastic (17.0 ± 3.7%) and neuroarthritic diathesis most often occur among patients with active tuberculosis (17.0 ± 3.7%), children with allergic diathesis are more rare (10.4 ± 3.0% of cases. The least favorable current of active forms of tuberculosis became perceptible at children with limfatiko-hypoplastic diathesis: the complicated forms of tuberculosis became perceptible at them in 27.8 ± 10.6% of cases. At patients with neuroarthritic diathesis the complicated forms developed less often - in 11.1 ± 7.4% of cases. Children with allergic diathesis transferred only uncomplicated forms of primary period of tuberculosis. At children without anomalies of the constitution the complicated current was observed often - in 27.6 ± 5.9% of cases. Frequency of occurrence of children with allergic diathesis is higher at patients with residual post-tubercular changes (29.6 ± 6.2%) and the infected MBT (33.8 ± 6.1%), than at patients with active tuberculosis (10.4 ± 3.0%). Existence of a certain anomaly of the constitution in many respects predetermines the course of a tuberculosis infection.

Background. Blood lactate level is often considered as a marker of complex metabolic disorders. Reducing the lactate’s level is a good indicator of therapy adequacy. The purpose: to show the significance of the determination of lactate for predicting the course of the postoperative period in newborns.

Materials and methods. 77 infants with abdominal surgical pathology were included in an observational study. Lactate level was measured on admission to the intensive care unit and three times in the first seven days of the postoperative period.

Results. ROC-analysis model showed a high predictive value of the indicator at the end of the first postoperative day and on the seventh day. Favorable outсome was connected with lactate ratio below 2.5 mmmol/L on admission, lower than 2.0 mmol/l in the third and seventh days. Point elevation to 3 mmol/l was marked at the end of the first postoperative day.

Conclusion. It is advisable to manage a dynamic assessment of lactatemia at the end of the first day and to the end of the third day of the postoperative period.

Vulvitis and vaginitis in girls are the most frequent reason for contacting a pediatric gynecologist. The article considers options for local treatment with various forms of inflammation of the vulva and vagina. In recent years, there has been an increase in this pathology. The maximum number of appeals is observed at 1 year of age and at the age of 3-7 years. The formation of the inflammatory process in the vagina is caused by the state of the endocrine and immune systems, as well as a number of anatomical and physiological features of the structure of the external sexual organs. An important role in the development of vulvovaginitis and vulvitis is played by extragenital pathology. The development of the secondary inflammatory process in the vagina provokes such diseases as urinary tract infection, dysbacteriosis, atopic dermatitis, noopharyngeal diseases, frequent colds, transient immunodeficiency states, childhood infections. The clinical manifestations of vulva-guinitis and vulvitis are similar and depend on the severity of the process, the type of exciter. In acute nonspecific vulvovaginitis, a vivid clinical picture is typical. This discharge from the genital tract, hyperemia and swelling of the vulva, discomfort, burning with urination. The diagnosis of the disease is based on the details of complaints, clinical picture, laboratory and instrumental diagnostic methods. In the treatment of non-specific vulvovaginitis, girls rarely resort to the use of systemic antibacterial drugs. Preference is given to topical preparations. The advantage of local treatment is a minimal risk of adverse reactions, simplicity and ease of use, in the absence of contraindications (except for individual intolerance of the drug), as well as in the possibility of use in extragenital pathology.

Dysplasia of the main veins is one of the little-studied problems of childhood, which often leads to the erroneous diagnosis and the wrong treatment tactics of this defect. In the angiomyrosurgical department of the Federal State Sanitary and Epidemiological Service, there were 270 children with dysplasia of the main veins in the SPbGPMU of the Russian Ministry of Health. The appearance of children with dysplasia of the main veins, in the "classical" version, is very characteristic. The extremity is disproportionately increased in volume and elongated. Smooth or bulging vascular spots are observed on the skin (often outside) as a geographical map, cyanotic (purple, "port wine") color. The pathognomonic sign is the presence of an embryonic vein, the trunk of which is of different length and caliber (from 3 to 25 mm) passes along the outer or anterior-external surface of the limb. Sometimes there is gigantism of feet, macrodactyly, syndactyly. However, the above classic clinical picture, which allows confidently diagnose dysplasia of the main veins, is not always revealed. In this regard, we examined the general, characteristic for the majority of patients factors, and those that are most important in determining the severity of the lesion in the preoperative period are identified. We propose a scheme of rational approach to the examination and treatment of sick children (270 patients), which should help optimize the treatment of patients with this malformation. It is established that the volume and type of surgical interventions depend on the type of defect and severity of the lesion.

Evaluation of bone mineralization and bone metabolism in children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in accordance with TaqI-polymorphic genotypes of vitamin D receptor (VDR) has been performed in this study. 83 children (38 girls and 54 boys) with IBD (60 with Crohn’s disease, 23 with ulcerative colitis) have been included in the study. Mean age was 13.0 years (11.0; 15.5). All patients have active phase of the disease. Bone mineral density (BMD) of lumbar spine (DEXA) have been assessed in all children. Level of serum osteocalcin (OC) as a marker of osteosynthesis, C-terminal telopeptides (CTT) as a marker of osteoresorbtion, parathyroid hormone (PTH), serum calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase and 25(OH) vitamin D was measured to evaluate bone metabolism. Molecular-genetic tests: analysis of TaqI (rs731236) polymorphism of vitamin D receptor gene (VDR) was perfomed by polymerase chain reaction with following restriction analysis. Association between molecular markers of VDR gene and bone metabolism and mineralization disturbances have been found. TT genotype of VDR gene was associated with tendency to decrease of linear growth velocity, low linear growth, decrease in osteosynthesis and increase of osteoresorbtion in this group of children. TT-genotype of TaqI-polymorphism of VDR gene can be assessed as a risk factor of bone metabolism disturbances in children with both Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. C allele seems to have protective role in this group.

The improvement of long-term survival in children with malignant tumors is noted in the last five decades. Serious late consequences of the applied therapy including early death, the second tumors, different organ dysfunctions (heart, gonads, liver, lungs) began to come to light with increase in number of cured and follow-up. The article discusses the emergence of cardiotoxicity in children treated with cytostatic and radiation therapy for malignant tumors. Particular attention is paid to the influence of anthracycline antibiotics on the state of the heart muscle. Anthracycline and similar medicines - doxorubicin, rubomycin, idarubicin, mitoxantrone - are an important component of most regimen of chemotherapy in children. Briefly describes the history of the application of this group of drugs in oncology and the study of their effects on heart function. The attention to the pathogenesis of anthracycline cardiotoxicity risk factors for its development, display options, how to identify and mitigate. We describe the clinical manifestations of early and late cardiotoxicity arising after the application of antitumor antibiotics anthracyclines. The article defines the role of chemotherapeutic agents other groups in the development and worsening cardiotoxicity. No less important role in the development of long-term effects of the heart and blood vessels plays radiotherapy. The paper paid attention to cardiovascular dysfunctions that arise in different periods of observation after irradiation of the mediastinum. Finally, recommendations for practitioners on screening, monitoring and treatment of identified diseases of the cardiovascular system in patients cured of childhood malignancies are presented.

In recent years almost all over the world, there is a decrease in the incidence of gastric cancer. Despite that carcinoma of the stomach annually affects on our planet about 1 million people. The prevalence of distal gastric cancer has a tendency to decrease, while the frequency of proximal cancer increases slightly. Early gastric cancer is only 10% of all new cases, and in 64,2% of patients are diagnosed at stages III-IV disease. Over the last 35 years, there has been substantial progress in the diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer. Surgery that involves complete removal of the tumor remains the only method which gives hope for cure of the patient, despite the significant number of combined and complex treatment methods of this disease. However, many provisions of this concept have changed drastically. After surgery Billroth-I much less frequently and with less severity (than after resection Billroth-II) develops duodenogastric reflux in the absence of duodenostasis and adequate patency of the digestive tract. It is the reflux of bile and pancreatic juice plays an important role in the occurrence of cancer of the stomach stump. The basic cause of cancer is the development of atrophic gastritis as a consequence of denervation of the authority and the reflux of bile into the resected stomach. The choice of the method of restoring the integrity of digestive tract after distal gastrectomy is a topical problem, given the continuous increase in the number of patients undergoing this operation. In the review of literature shows that intervention in the modification of the Billroth-I does not increase the number of postoperative complications, no differences in long-term results of surgical treatment of gastric cancer for two methods of restoring the continuity of the digestive tract after distal resection.