Standardized A-echography in the diagnostics of eye diseases

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Abstract

The development and the improvement of new imaging methods are current trends in ophthalmology. The literature review is devoted to the use of standardized A-echography in the diagnostics of ocular pathology. The history of the development of this method, the basic principles of obtaining A-sonograms, the features of the qualitative and quantitative assessments of pathological changes in the structures of the eye based on echographic data are presented. Standardized A-echography is most widely used in the diagnostics of vitreoretinal pathology, intraocular mass (choroidal melanoma, choroidal hemangioma, non-tumor formations) and assessment of orbital structures (optic nerve, extraocular muscles, orbital tumors).

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About the authors

Aleksei N. Bedretdinov

Helmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases

Author for correspondence.
Email: anbedretdinov@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2947-1143
SPIN-code: 1714-7669

MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)

Russian Federation, Moscow

Tatiana N. Kiseleva

Helmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases

Email: tkisseleva@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9185-6407
SPIN-code: 5824-5991

MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor

Russian Federation, Moscow

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2. Fig. 1. A-echogram of the normal eye: a — schematic representation of the A-echography of the eye; b — A-echogram. 1 — corneal spike, 2 — anterior lens capsule spike, 3 — posterior lens capsule spike, 4 — retinal spike, 5 — scleral spike, 6 — retrobulbar adipose tissue spikes (from the authors’ archive)

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3. Fig. 2. Vitreous floaters: a — B-echogram of the eye (multiple opacities of various echogenicity are visualized in the vitreous body); b — A-echogram of the eye (1 — a complex of low-amplitude spikes from vitreous opacities; 2 and 3 — high-amplitude corneal and retinal spikes) (from the authors’ archive)

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4. Fig. 3. Organized vitreous hemorrhage, subretinal hemorrhage: a — B-echogram of the eye (floating opacities in the form of a fine suspension in the vitreous body, high posterior vitreous detachment, subretinal opacities similar to intravitreal ones); b — A-echogram of the eye (a series of different amplitude (arrow) spikes from heterogeneous in density vitreous hemorrhage (from the authors’ archive)

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5. Fig. 4. A-echography of the eye, differential diagnosis of retinal detachment (a) and PVD (b): a — when the ultrasound beam is moved from the center to the periphery (arrows 1–4), the maximum spike from the detached retina is preserved (yellow arrow); b — when the ultrasound beam moves from the center to the periphery (arrows 1–4), the amplitude of the spike from the PVD decreases (yellow arrow) (from the authors’ archive)

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6. Fig. 5. Choroidal detachment: a — B-echogram of the eye: choroidal detachment is represented by a series of membranous dome-shaped structures (bubbles) of various heights; b — A-echogram of the eye (choroidal detachment is visualized as a wide, double amplitude, 100% spike in front of a series of retrobulbar fat spikes, marked with the arrow)

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7. Fig. 6. Uveal melanoma: a — B-echogram of the eye (choroidal tumor of homogeneous structure and medium echogenicity); b — A-echogram of the eye (the homogeneous structure of the tumor is characterized by a series of relatively equal low-amplitude spikes, arrow) (from the authors’ archive)

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