Prospects and therapeutic strategies in the management of dry eye disease: a review

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Abstract

Dry eye disease (DED) is a widespread multifactorial disease, which makes the search for new effective therapies highly relevant. The novelty of this review lies in the comprehensive examination of the pathogenesis of DED and the substantiation of a promising treatment direction using corneal extracellular matrix biomimetics. The analysis showed that modern therapy of DED is not limited to simple lubrication and should be aimed at restoring ocular surface homeostasis and breaking the vicious cycle of chronic inflammation. Furthermore, it was found that multi-component preparations based on extracellular matrix biomimetics, in particular SFERO® Oko (BIOMIR Service JSC, Russia), demonstrate high efficacy in stimulating corneal regeneration and are promising for inclusion in therapeutic regimens for dry eye disease. Special attention is paid to drugs approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, including cyclosporine; Xiidra® (lifitegrast 5%, Bausch & Lomb Inc., USA)[℘]; Eysuvis® (loteprednol etabonate 0.25%, Kala Pharmaceuticals, USA)[℘]; Miebo® (perfluorohexyloctane, Novaliq, Germany)[℘]; and Tyrvaya® (varenicline nasal spray, Oyster Point Pharma Inc., USA)[℘]. This scientific review is based on an analysis of Russian and international sources from 2015 to 2025 and is intended for practicing ophthalmologists seeking a personalized approach to dry eye disease treatment.

[℘] A drug is not registered in the Russian Federation.

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About the authors

Irina A. Fedorova

Samara State Medical University; Interregional High-Tech Eye Microsurgery Clinic

Author for correspondence.
Email: irinaf1@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0009-0000-9881-5635
Russian Federation, Samara; Sochi

Andrey V. Zolotarev

Samara State Medical University; Samara Regional Clinical Ophthalmological Hospital named after T.I. Eroshevsky

Email: a.v.zolotarev@samsmu.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9107-5221
SPIN-code: 7164-8088

MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine)

Russian Federation, Samara; Samara

Olga A. Kiseleva

Interregional High-Tech Eye Microsurgery Clinic

Email: kiseleva-glaucoma@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1929-3224
SPIN-code: 2648-0159

MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine)

Russian Federation, Sochi

Elena V. Karlova

Samara State Medical University; Samara Regional Clinical Ophthalmological Hospital named after T.I. Eroshevsky

Email: karlova@inbox.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4929-8832
SPIN-code: 6163-2087

MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine)

Russian Federation, Samara; Samara

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