<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Ophthalmology Reports</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Ophthalmology Reports</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Офтальмологические ведомости</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1998-7102</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2412-5423</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">2942</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/OV9138-46</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Ophthalmic markers of the diabetic polyneuropathy</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Офтальмологические маркеры диабетической полинейропатии</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Krasavina</surname><given-names>Mariia I</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Красавина</surname><given-names>Мария Игоревна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>ophthalmologist</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>научный сотрудник</p></bio><email>mk702@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Astakhov</surname><given-names>Sergey Yu</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Астахов</surname><given-names>Сергей Юрьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Doc.Med.Sci., professor, head of the ophthalmology department</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор, заведующий. Кафедра офтальмологии</p></bio><email>astakhov73@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shadrichev</surname><given-names>Fedor E</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шадричев</surname><given-names>Федор Евгеньевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, candidate of medical science, head of the ophthalmology department</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, заведующий, офтальмологическое отделение</p></bio><email>shadrichev_dr@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dal</surname><given-names>Nikita Yu</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Даль</surname><given-names>Никита Юрьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, candidate of medical science, head of the eye clinic Zrenie</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, главный врач</p></bio><email>ndahl@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Federal Almazov North-West Medical Research Center</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">НИИЛ диабетологии ФМИЦ им. В.А. Алмазова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">First Pavlov State Medical University of St. Petersburg</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ПСПбГМУ им. акад. И.П. Павлова Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">St. Petersburg territorial diabetology center</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский территориальный диабетологический центр</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">eye clinic Zrenie</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Офтальмологический центр «Зрение»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2016-03-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>03</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>9</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 9, NO1 (2016)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 9, №1 (2016)</issue-title><fpage>38</fpage><lpage>46</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2016-05-24"><day>24</day><month>05</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2016, Krasavina M.I., Astakhov S.Y., Shadrichev F.E., Dal N.Y.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2016, Красавина М.И., Астахов С.Ю., Шадричев Ф.Е., Даль Н.Ю.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Krasavina M.I., Astakhov S.Y., Shadrichev F.E., Dal N.Y.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Красавина М.И., Астахов С.Ю., Шадричев Ф.Е., Даль Н.Ю.</copyright-holder><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/ov/article/view/2942">https://journals.eco-vector.com/ov/article/view/2942</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>In the article, a world literature analysis is presented on the relationship between structural and functional changes of the retina and of the optic nerve and the diabetic polyneuropathy severity degree. Diabetic polyneuropathy is one of the most common and severe complications of diabetes mellitus leading in many patients to ulcer formation and to foot amputation. Modern methods for neuropathy diagnosis either do not allow revealing early stage changes, or include invasive procedures. Ophthalmologists, involved in diabetic patients care, due to objective reasons focus on diabetic retinopathy. However, the evidence that the corneal nerves state is a marker of peripheral neuropathy suggests a new and very important role of the ophthalmologist in diabetic patient care. Several studies obtained promising results about structural and functional retinal changes could be found in diabetic patients before retinopathy start; this allows to suggest the neuropathy role at their origin.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В статье проанализированы данные мировой литературы о взаимосвязи между структурными и функциональными изменениями сетчатки, зрительного нерва и степенью тяжести диабетической полинейропатии. Одним из самых частых и тяжёлых осложнений сахарного диабета является диабетическая полинейропатия, приводящая у многих пациентов к образованию язв и ампутации стоп. Современные методы диагностики нейропатии или не позволяют выявлять изменения на ранних стадиях, или включают инвазивные процедуры. Офтальмологи, оказывающие помощь пациентам с диабетом, по объективным причинам фокусируются на диабетической ретинопатии. Однако данные о том, что состояние роговичных нервов является маркером периферической нейропатии, предполагает новую и очень важную роль офтальмолога в ведении пациентов с сахарным диабетом. В ряде исследований получены обнадёживающие данные о том, что структурные и функциональные изменения сетчатки выявляются у пациентов с диабетом до появления ретинопатии, что позволяет предполагать роль нейропатии в их происхождении.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>diabetes mellitus</kwd><kwd>diabetic polyneuropathy</kwd><kwd>retina</kwd><kwd>optical coherence tomography</kwd><kwd>perimetry</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>сахарный диабет</kwd><kwd>диабетическая полинейропатия</kwd><kwd>сетчатка</kwd><kwd>оптическая когерентная томография</kwd><kwd>периметрия</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Аветисов С.Э., Егорова Г.Б., Федоров А.А., и др. Конфокальная микроскопия роговицы. Сообщение 1. Особенности нормальной морфологической картины // Вестник офтальмологии. - 2008. - № 3. - С. 3-5. [Avetisov SE, Egorova GB, Fedorov AA, et al. Konfokal’naya mikroskopiya rogovitsy. Soobshchenie 1. Osobennosti normal’noi morfologicheskoi kartiny. Vestnik oftal’mologii. 2008;(3):3-5. (In Russ).]</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Красавина М.И., Астахов Ю.С., Шадричев Ф.Е. Может ли конфокальная микроскопия роговицы оценить повреждение нервных волокон у пациентов с диабетической полинейропатией? // Офтальмологические ведомости. - 2012. - Т. 5. - № 3. - С. 61-68. [Krasavina MI, Astakhov YS, Shadrichev FE. Mozhet li Konfokal’naya mikroskopiya rogovitsy otsenit’ povrezhdenie nervnykh volokon u patsientov s diabeticheskoi polineiropatiei? Ophtalmologic vedomosti. 2012;5(3);61-68. (In Russ).]</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Ткаченко Н.В., Астахов Ю.С. Диагностические возможности конфокальной микроскопии при исследовании поверхностных структур глазного яблока // Офтальмологические ведомости. - 2009. - Т 2. - № 1. - C. 82-89. [Tkachenko NV, Astakhov YS. Diagnosticheskie vozmozhnosti konfokal’noi mikroskopii pri issledovanii poverkhnostnykh struktur glaznogo yabloka. Ophtalmologic vedomosti. 2009;2(1):82-89. (In Russ).]</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Alberto M, Marina Z, Robert L. Nuclear apoptotic changes: An overview. J of Cellular Biochemistry. 2001;82(4):634-646. doi: 10.1002/jcb.1186.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Algan M, Ziegler O, Gehin P, et al. Visual evoked potentials in diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 1989;12(3):227-229. doi: 10.2337/diacare.12.3.227.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Barber A, Lieth E, Khin S, et al. Neural apoptosis in the retina during experimental and human diabetes: Early onset and effect of insulin. J of Clin Invest. 1994;102:783-791.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Barr E, Wong T, Tapp R, et al. Is peripheral neuropathy associated with retinopathy and albuminuria in individuals with impaired glucose metabolism. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(5):1114-1116. doi: 10.2337/diacare.2951114.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Bearse J, Adams A, Han Y, et al. A multifocal electroretinogram model predicting the development of diabetic retinopathy. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 2006;25(5):425-448. doi: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2006.07.001.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Bell J, Feldon S. Retinal microangiopathy: Correlation of OCTOPUS perimetry with fluorescein angiography. Arch of Ophthalmology. 1984;102:1294-1298.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Boulton A, Malik R, Arezzo J, et al. Diabetic somatic neuropathies. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(6):1458-1486. doi: 10.2337/diacare.27.6.1458.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Bresnick G. Diabetic retinopathy viewed as a neurosensory disorder. Arch of Ophthalmology. 1986;104:989-990. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1986.01050190047037.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Broadway D, Drance S, Parfitt C, et al. The ability of scanning laser ophthalmoscopy to identify various glaucomatous optic disk appearances. Am J of Ophthalmol. 1998;125(5):593-604. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9394(98)00002-6.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Caputo S, Di Leo M, Falsini B, et al. Evidence for early impairment of macular function with pattern ERG in type I diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 1990;13(4):412-418. doi: 10.2337/diacare.13.4.412.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Chihara E, Matsuoka T, Ogura Y, et al. Retinal nerve fiber layer defect as an early manifestation of diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmology. 1993;100(8):1147-1151. doi: 10.1016/s0161-6420(93)31513-7.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Della Sala S, Bertoni G, Somazie L. Impaired contrast sensitivity in diabetic patients with and without retinopathy: a new technique for rapid assessment. Br J of Ophthalmol. 1985;69(2):136-142. doi: 10.1136/bjo.69.2.136</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Di Leo M, Caputo S, Falsini B, et al. Non-selective loss of contrast sensitivity in visual system testing in early type I diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1992;15(5):620-625. doi: 10.2337/diacare.15.5.620</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Di Leo M, Falsini B, Caputo S, et al.Spatial frequency-selective losses with pattern electroretinogram in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients without retinopathy. Diabetologia. 1990;33(12):726-730. doi: 10.1007/bf00400342.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Fundus photographic risk factors for progression of diabetic retinopathy. ETDRS Report Number 12. Ophthalmology. 1991;98:823-833.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Ewing F, Deary I, McCrimmon R, et al. Effect of acute hypoglycemia on visual information processing in adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Physiology &amp; Behavior. 1998;64(5):653-660. doi: 10.1016/s0031-9384(98)00120-6</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Gillies M, Su T, Stayt J, et al. Effect of high glucose on permeability of retinal capillary endothelium in vitro. Invest Ophthalmol and Vis Sci. 1997;38:635.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Hardy K, Lipton J, Scase M, et al. Detection of colour vision abnormalities in uncomplicated type 1 diabetic patients with angiographically normal retinas. Br J of Ophthalmol. 1992;76(8):461-464. doi: 10.1136/bjo.76.8.461</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Henson D, North R. Dark adaptation in diabetes mellitus. Br J of Ophthalmol. 1979;63(8):539-541. doi: 10.1136/bjo.63.8.539.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Hoyt W, Frisen L, Newman N, et al. Fundoscopy of nerve fiber layer defects in glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol and Vis Sci. 1973;12:814-829.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Jaffe G, Caprioli J. Optical coherence tomography to detect and manage retinal disease and glaucoma. Am J of Ophthalmol. 2004;137(1):156-169. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9394(03)00792-x.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Katz J, Tielsch J, Quigley H, et al. Automated perimetry detects visual field loss before manual Goldmann perimetry. Ophthalmology. 1995;102(1):21-26. doi: 10.1016/s0161-6420(95)31060-3.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Larsen M, Godt J, Larsen N, et al. Automated detection of fundus photographic red lesions in diabetic retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol and Vis Sci. 2003;44(2):761-766. doi: 10.1167/iovs.02-0418</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Lobefalo L, Verrotti A, Mastropasqua L, et al. Flicker perimetry in diabetic children without retinopathy. Can J of Ophthalmol. 1997;32:324-328.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Lopes de Faria J, Russ H, Costa V, et al. Retinal nerve fibre layer loss in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus without retinopathy. Br J of Ophthalmol. 2002;86:725-728.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Lovasik J, Spafford M. An electrophysiological investigation of visual function in juvenile insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Am J of Optometry and Physiological Optics. 1988;65:236-253. doi: 10.1097/00006324-198804000-00002.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Malik R, Kallinikos P, Abbott C. Corneal confocal microscopy: a non-invasive surrogate of nerve fibre damage and repair in diabetic patients. Diabetologia. 2003;46:683-688.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Mariani E, Moreo G, Colucci G, et al. Study of visual evoked potentials in diabetics without retinopathy: correlations with clinical findings and polyneuropathy. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 1990;81:337-340.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Medeiros F, Sample P, Weinreb R, et al. Frequency doubling technology perimetry abnormalities as predictors of glaucomatous visual field loss. Am J of Ophthalmol. 2004;137(5):863-871. doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2003.12.009.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Mehra S, Tavakoli M, Kallinikos P, et al. Corneal confocal microscopy detects early nerve regeneration after pancreas transplantation in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:2608-2612. doi: 10.2337/dc07-0870.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Menke M, Knecht P, Sturm V, et al. Reproducibility of nerve fiber layer thickness measurements using 3D Fourier-domain OCT. Invest Ophthalmol and Vis Sci. 2008;49(12):5386-5391. doi: 10.1167/iovs.07-1435.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Merigan W, Byrne C, Maunsell J, et al. Does primate motion perception depend on the magnocellular pathway? The J of Neuroscience. 1991;11:3422-3429.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Moavenshahidi A, Sampson G, Pritchard N, et al. Exploring retinal markers of diabetic neuropathy. Invest Ophthalmol and Vis Sci. 2010;51 E-abstract:2241. doi: 10.1111/j.1444-0938.2010.00491.x.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Neckell A. Adaptometry in diabetic patients. Ophthalmologia. 2007; 51:95-97.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Oliveira-Soto L, Efron N. Morphology of corneal nerves using confocal microscopy. Cornea. 2001;20(4):374-384. doi: 10.1097/00003226-200105000-00008.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Oshitari T, Hanawa K, Adachi-Usami E, et al. Changes of macular and RNFL thicknesses measured by Stratus OCT in patients with early stage diabetes. Eye. 2009;23(4):884-889. doi: 10.1038/eye.2008.119</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Papakostopoulos D, Hart J, Corrall R, et al. The scotopic electroretinogram to blue flashes and pattern reversal visual evoked potentials in insulin dependent diabetes. Int J of Psychophysiology. 1996;21(1):33-43. doi: 10.1016/0167-8760(95)00040-2.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Parravano M, Oddone F, Mineo D, et al. The role of Humphrey Matrix testing in the early diagnosis of retinopathy in type 1 diabetes. Br J of Ophthalmol. 2008;92:1656-1660.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Pender P, Benson W, Compton H, et al. The effects of panretinal photocoagulation on dark adaptation in diabetics with proliferative retinopathy. Ophthalmology. 1981;88(7):635-638. doi: 10.1016/s0161-6420(81)34977-x.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Quattrini C, Tavakoli M, Jeziorska M, et al. Surrogate markers of small fiber damage in human diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes. 2007;56:2148-2154. doi: 10.2337/db07-0285.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Remky A, Arend O, Hendricks S, et al. Short-wavelength automated perimetry and capillary density in early diabetic maculopathy. Invest Ophthalmol and Vis Sci. 2000;41:274-281.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>Roy M, Gunkel R, Podgor M, et al. Color vision defects in early diabetic retinopathy. Arch of Ophthalmology. 1986;104(2): 225-228. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1986.01050140079024.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>Shahidi A, Sampson G, Pritchard N, et al. Exploring retinal and functional markers of diabetic neuropathy. Clinical and Experimental Optometry. 2010;93(5):309-323. doi: 10.1111/j.1444-0938.2010.00491.x.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>Sharp P, Manivannan A, Vieira P, et al. Laser imaging of the retina. Br J of Ophthalmol. 1999;83:1241-1245.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>Skarf B. Retinal nerve fibre layer loss in diabetes mellitus without retinopathy. Br J of Ophthalmol. 2002;86 (7):709. doi: 10.1136/bjo.86.7.709.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>Sokol S, Moskowitz A, Skarf B, et al. Contrast sensitivity in diabetics with and without background retinopathy. Arch of Ophthalmology. 1985;103(1):51-54. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1985.01050010055018.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation>Sommer A, Quigley H, Robin A, et al. Evaluation of nerve fiber layer assessment. Arch of Ophthalmology. 1984;102(12):1766-1771. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1984.01040031430017</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><label>51.</label><mixed-citation>Stavrou E, Wood J. Central visual field changes using flicker perimetry in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica. 2005;83(5):574-580. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0420.2005.00527.x.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B52"><label>52.</label><mixed-citation>Stavrou E, Wood J. Letter contrast sensitivity changes in early diabetic retinopathy. Clinical and Experimental Optometry. 2003; 86(3):152-156. doi: 10.1111/j.1444-0938.2003.tb03097.x.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B53"><label>53.</label><mixed-citation>Sugimoto M, Sasoh M, Ido M, et al. Detection of early diabetic change with optical coherence tomography in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients without retinopathy. Ophthalmologica. 2005;219(6):379. doi: 10.1159/000088382.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B54"><label>54.</label><mixed-citation>Tavakoli M, Kallinikos P, Efron N, et al. Corneal sensitivity is reduced and relates to the severity of neuropathy in patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(7):1895-1897. doi: 10.2337/dc07-0175.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B55"><label>55.</label><mixed-citation>Trick G, Trick L, Kilo C, et al. Visual field defects in patients with insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Ophthalmology. 1990;97(4):475-482. doi: 10.1016/s0161-6420(90)32557-5.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B56"><label>56.</label><mixed-citation>Vujosevic S, Benetti E, Massignan F, et al. Screening for diabetic retinopathy: 1 and 3 nonmydriatic 45-degree digital fundus photographs vs 7 standard Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study fields. Am J of Ophthalmol. 2009;148(1):111-118. doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2009.02.031.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B57"><label>57.</label><mixed-citation>Wachtmeister L. Oscillatory potentials in the retina: what do they reveal? Progress in Retina and Eye Research. 1998;17(4):485-521. doi:10.1016/s1350-9462(98)00006-8.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B58"><label>58.</label><mixed-citation>Weinreb R, Bowd C, Zangwill L, et al. Glaucoma detection using scanning laser polarimetry with variable corneal polarization compensation. Arch of Ophthalmology. 2003;121(2):218-224. doi: 10.1001/archopht.121.2.218.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B59"><label>59.</label><mixed-citation>Weymouth A, Vingrys A. Rodent electroretinography: methods for extraction and interpretation of rod and cone responses. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 2008;27(1):1-44. doi: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2007.09.003.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B60"><label>60.</label><mixed-citation>Yamazaki Y, Miyazawa T, Yamada H, et al. Retinal nerve fiber layer analysis by a computerized digital image analysis system. Jap J of Ophthalmol. 1990;34:174-180.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B61"><label>61.</label><mixed-citation>Yoshiaki S, Yong L, Marcus A, et al. Assessment of early retinal changes in diabetes using a new multifocal ERG protocol. Br J of Ophthalmol. 2001;85(4):414. doi: 10.1136/bjo.85.4.414.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
