<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Ophthalmology Reports</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Ophthalmology Reports</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Офтальмологические ведомости</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1998-7102</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2412-5423</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">63501</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/OV63501</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original study articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The features of diagnosis and treatment of unilateral concomitant strabismus with visual fixation defect in preschool children</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Особенности диагностики и лечения детей дошкольного возраста с монолатеральным содружественным косоглазием с дефектом зрительной фиксации</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title/></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2145-1762</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7217-3582</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kononova</surname><given-names>Nadezhda E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кононова</surname><given-names>Надежда Евгеньевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>ophthalmologist</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач-офтальмолог</p></bio><email>Nali-6@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8999-6614</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6403-6911</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Somov</surname><given-names>Evgenij E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сомов</surname><given-names>Евгений Евгеньевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук</p></bio><email>nali-6@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский государственный педиатрический медицинский университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">S.N. Fedorov National Medical Research Center “MNTK “Eye Microsurgery”</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский филиал, Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр «Межотраслевой научно-технический комплекс «Микрохирургия глаза» имени академика С.Н. Фёдорова»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2021-09-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>09</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>47</fpage><lpage>54</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2021-03-16"><day>16</day><month>03</month><year>2021</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2021-06-30"><day>30</day><month>06</month><year>2021</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2021, Kononova N.E., Somov E.E.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2021, Кононова Н.Е., Сомов Е.Е.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2021, Kononova N., Somov E.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kononova N.E., Somov E.E.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кононова Н.Е., Сомов Е.Е.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Kononova N., Somov E.</copyright-holder><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/ov/article/view/63501">https://journals.eco-vector.com/ov/article/view/63501</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Particular difficulties in treatment of children with monolateral strabismus are associated with the presence of severe amblyopia in the squinting eye in combination with a visual fixation defect (acentral or intermittent).</p> <p><bold>AIM:</bold> To assess the anatomical and functional status of children with visual fixation defects, to find out the causes of failures in treatment of this group of patients, to determine the tactics of their management.</p> <p><bold>MATERIALS AND METHODS:</bold> The study included 92 children of preschool age (from 3 to 7 years) with monolateral concomitant strabismus. The follow-up period for the children ranged from 12 to 72 months. The average age of the examined children was 4.6 ± 1.1 years. Three variants of visual fixation were identified in the squinting eye: central visual fixation (CVF) – 68 eyes; intermittent visual fixation (IVF ) – 7 eyes; and acentral visual fixation (AVF) – 17 eyes. All patients underwent a comprehensive examination: visometry; strabometry; autorefractometry; determination of the critical frequency of light flashes; assessment of visual fixation; optical coherence tomography of the retina. All children underwent “passive” and active pleoptics.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The visual acuity of children with CVF significantly increased due to pleoptics. At the same time in cases of IVF and even more in those of AVF, visual acuity remained significantly lower than that of the “fixating” eye, pleoptics were ineffective in this group of patients. In patients with CVF, the critical frequency of light flashes of the squinting eye increased in statistically significant figures, while in IVF and AVF, the difference between squinting and fixing eye remained. According to OCT data, changes in the macular area were detected in 18 (75%) eyes in patients with IVF and AVF, which allows us to distinguish organic pathology from amblyopia.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS:</bold> In children with monolateral strabismus, it is necessary to determine visual fixation of the squinting eye. At IVF and AVF, it is mandatory to conduct optical coherence tomography of the macular area to exclude organic pathology. In patients with monolateral concomitant strabismus with IVF and AVF, surgery on oculomotor muscles is indicated.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение.</bold> Особые сложности в лечении детей с монолатеральным косоглазием связаны с наличием на косящем глазу тяжёлой амблиопии в сочетании с дефектом зрительной фиксации (ацентральной или перемежающейся).</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования</bold> — оценка анатомо-функционального статуса детей с дефектом зрительной фиксации, выяснение причин неудач в лечении данной группы пациентов, определение тактики их ведения.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> В исследование было включено 92 ребёнка дошкольного возраста (от 3 до 7 лет), страдающих монолатеральным содружественным косоглазием. Срок наблюдения за детьми составил от 12 до 72 мес. Средний возраст обследованных детей 4,6 ± 1,1 года. На косящем глазу определены три варианта зрительной фиксации: центральная зрительная фиксация (ЦЗФ) — 68 глаз; перемежающаяся зрительная фиксация (ПЗФ) — 7 глаз; ацентральная зрительная фиксация (АЦЗФ) — 17 глаз. Всем пациентам выполнено комплексное обследование: визометрия, страбометрия, авторефрактометрия, определение критической частоты световых мельканий (КЧСМ), оценка характера зрительной фиксации, оптическая когерентная томография сетчатки. Всем детям проводили «пассивную» и активную плеоптику.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Острота зрения детей с ЦЗФ существенно повысилась за счет плеоптики. В то же время при ПЗФ, а тем более АЦЗФ, оставалась существенно ниже «фиксирующего», плеоптика оказалась неэффективна у этой группы пациентов. У пациентов с ЦЗФ повысилась КЧСМ косящего глаза в статистически значимых цифрах, при ПЗФ и АЦЗФ сохранилась разница между косящим и фиксирующим глазом. Изменения макулярной зоны по данным ОКТ выявлены в 18 (75 %) глазах у пациентов с ПЗФ и АЦЗФ, что позволяет разграничить органическую патологию и амблиопию.</p> <p><bold>Выводы.</bold> Детям с монолатеральным косоглазием необходимо определение характера зрительной фиксации косящего глаза. При ПЗФ и АЦЗФ в обязательном порядке необходимо проведение оптической когерентной томографии макулярной зоны для исключения органической патологии. Пациентам с монолатеральным содружественным косоглазием с ПЗФ и АЦЗФ показана операция на глазодвигательных мышцах.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p/></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>monolateral strabismus</kwd><kwd>amblyopia</kwd><kwd>defect of visual fixation</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>монолатеральное косоглазие</kwd><kwd>амблиопия</kwd><kwd>дефект зрительной фиксации</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Markova EYu. Modern tendencies in the treatment of strabismus in children. Ophthalmology. 2016;13(4):260–264. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.18008/1816-5095-2016-4-260-264</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Маркова Е.Ю. Современные тенденции лечения косоглазия у детей // Офтальмология. 2016. Т. 13, № 4. С. 260–264. DOI: 10.18008/1816-5095-2016-4-260-264</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nelson BA, Gunton KB, Lasker JN, et al. The psychosocial aspects of strabismus in teenagers and adults and the impact of surgical correction. J AAPOS. 2008;(12):72–76. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2007.08.006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nelson B.A., Gunton K.B., Lasker J.N., et al. The psychosocial aspects of strabismus in teenagers and adults and the impact of surgical correction // J AAPOS. 2008. Vol. 12. P. 72–76. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2007.08.006</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mojon-Azzi SM, Kunz A, Mojon DS. Strabismus and discrimination in children: are children with strabismus invited to fewer birthday parties? Br J Ophthalmol. 2011;95(4):473–476. DOI: 10.1136/bjo.2010.185793</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mojon-Azzi S.M., Kunz A., Mojon D.S. Strabismus and discrimination in children: are children with strabismus invited to fewer birthday parties? // Br J Ophthalmol. 2011. Vol. 95, No. 4. P. 473–476. DOI: 10.1136/bjo.2010.185793</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wen G, McKeanCowdin R, Varma R, et al. General healthrelated quality of life in preschool children with strabismus or amblyopia. Ophthalmology. 2011;118(3):574–580. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.06.039</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wen G., McKeanCowdin R., Varma R., et al. General healthrelated quality of life in preschool children with strabismus or amblyopia // Ophthalmology. 2011. Vol. 118, No. 3. P. 574–580. DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.06.039</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ziaei H, Katibeh M, Mohammadi S, et al. The impact of congenital strabismus surgery on quality of life in children. J Ophthalmic Vis Res. 2016;11(2):188–192. DOI: 10.4103/2008-322X.183918</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ziaei H., Katibeh M., Mohammadi S., et al. The impact of congenital strabismus surgery on quality of life in children // J Ophthalmic Vis Res. 2016. Vol. 11, No. 2. P. 188–192. DOI: 10.4103/2008-322X.183918</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shahraz S. Quality of life and strabismus surgery in children. J Ophthalmic Vis Res. 2016;11(2):129–130. DOI: 10.4103/2008-322X.183931</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shahraz S. Quality of life and strabismus surgery in children // J Ophthalmic Vis Res. 2016. Vol. 11, No. 2. P. 129–130. DOI: 10.4103/2008-322X.183931</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kashhenko MA, Kashhenko TP, Pedanova EK, Magaramova M.D. Sposob formirovanija central’noj zritel’noj fiksacii u detej i vzroslyh s ambliopiej s necentral’noj fiksaciej. Russian Ophthalmology Online. 2019;(34). (In Russ.) Available from: https://eyepress.ru/article.aspx?41147</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кащенко М.А., Кащенко Т.П., Педанова Е.К., Магарамова М.Д. Способ формирования центральной зрительной фиксации у детей и взрослых с амблиопией с нецентральной фиксацией // Российская офтальмология онлайн. 2019. № 34. Режим доступа: https://eyepress.ru/article.aspx?41147 Дата обращения: 30.06.21.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kashhenko TP, Rajgorodskij JuM, Kornjushina TA. Funkcional’noe lechenie pri kosoglazii, ambliopii, narushenijah akkomodacii. Metody i pribory. Moscow: IIC SGMU; 2016. 163 p. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кащенко Т.П., Райгородский Ю.М., Корнюшина Т.А. Функциональное лечение при косоглазии, амблиопии, нарушениях аккомодации. Методы и приборы. М.: ИИЦ СГМУ, 2016. 163 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Plisov IL. Ambliopija: Metody diagnostiki i lechenija. Prakticheskie sovety. The world of ophthalmology. 2011;(2):4. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Плисов И.Л. Амблиопия: Методы диагностики и лечения. Практические советы // Мир офтальмологии. 2011. № 2. С. 4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Avetisov ES. Disbinokulyarnaya ambliopiya i ee lechenie. Moscow: Meditsina; 1968. 206 p. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Аветисов Э.С. Дисбинокулярная амблиопия и ее лечение. М.: Медицина, 1968. 206 с</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rozhkova GI, Lozinskij IT, Gracheva MA, et al. Functional correction of impaired binocular vision: benefits of using novel computer-aided systems. Sensornye Sistemy. 2015;29(2):99–121. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рожкова Г.И., Лозинский И.Т., Грачева М.А., и др. Функциональная коррекция нарушенного бинокулярного зрения: преимущества использования новых компьютерных технологий // Сенсорные системы. 2015. Т. 29. № 2. С. 99–121.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Neroev VV, Maglakelidze NM, Zueva MV. Pathophysiology of amblyopia: is the retina involved? Russian Ophthalmological Journal. 2014;7(4):98–105. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Нероев В.В., Маглакелидзе Н.М., Зуева М.В. Патофизиология амблиопии: вовлечена ли сетчатка? // Российский офтальмологический журнал. 2014. Т. 7. № 4. C. 98–105.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Andalib D, Javadzadeh A, Nabai R, et al. Macular and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in unilateral anisometropic or strabismic amblyopia. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2013;50(4):218–221. DOI: 10.3928/01913913-20130319-02</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Andalib D., Javadzadeh A., Nabai R., et al. Macular and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in unilateral anisometropic or strabismic amblyopia // J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2013. Vol. 50, No. 4. P. 218–221. DOI: 10.3928/01913913-20130319-02</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Araki S, Miki A, Goto K, et al. Macular retinal and choroidal thickness in unilateral amblyopia using swept-source optical coherence tomography. BMC Ophthalmol. 2017;17(1):167. DOI: 10.1186/s12886-017-0559-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Araki S., Miki A., Goto K., et al. Macular retinal and choroidal thickness in unilateral amblyopia using swept-source optical coherence tomography // BMC Ophthalmol. 2017. Vol. 17, No. 1. P. 167. DOI: 10.1186/s12886-017-0559-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen W, Chen Huang J, Xu J, et al. Comparison of macular and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in untreated and treated binocular amblyopia. Curr Eye Res. 2013;38(12):1248–1254. DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2013.805233</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen W., Chen Huang J., Xu J., et al. Comparison of macular and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in untreated and treated binocular amblyopia // Curr Eye Res. 2013. Vol. 38, No. 12. P. 1248–1254. DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2013.805233</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dickmann A, Petroni S, Perrotta V, et al. Measurement of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, macular thickness, and foveal volume in amblyopic eyes using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. J AAPOS. 2012;16(1):86–88. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2011.09.011</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dickmann A., Petroni S., Perrotta V., et al. Measurement of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, macular thickness, and foveal volume in amblyopic eyes using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography // J AAPOS. 2012. Vol. 16, No. 1. P. 86–88. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2011.09.011</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wu SQ, Zhu LW, Xu QB, et al. Macular and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in children with hyperopic anisometropic amblyopia // Int J Ophthalmol. 2013;6(1):85–89. DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2013.01.18</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wu S.Q., Zhu L.W., Xu Q.B., et al. Macular and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in children with hyperopic anisometropic amblyopia // Int J Ophthalmol. 2013. Vol. 6, No. 1. P. 85–89. DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2013.01.18</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xu J, Lu F, Liu W, et al. Retinal nerve fibred layer thickness and macular thickness in patients with esotropic amblyopia. Clin Exp Optom. 2013;96(3):267–271. DOI: 10.1111/cxo.12001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xu J., Lu F., Liu W., et al. Retinal nerve fibred layer thickness and macular thickness in patients with esotropic amblyopia // Clin Exp Optom. 2013. Vol. 96, No. 3. P. 267–271. DOI: 10.1111/cxo.12001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list></back></article>
