<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Ophthalmology Reports</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Ophthalmology Reports</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Офтальмологические ведомости</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1998-7102</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2412-5423</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">702004</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/OV702004</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">NWPAAP</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original study articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Retrospective resistance analysis of pathogens causing bacterial infections of the anterior segment in 2018–2024 and rational antibacterial therapy considerations</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Ретроспективный анализ резистентности возбудителей бактериальных инфекций переднего отрезка глаза в 2018–2024 гг. и рекомендации по рациональной антибактериальной терапии</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title/></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8039-0267</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Frolov</surname><given-names>Oleg A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фролов</surname><given-names>Олег Алексеевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><email>oleg524@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9215-2040</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5214-4410</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Polovinkina</surname><given-names>Galina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Половинкина</surname><given-names>Галина Викторовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><email>polovinkina.g.v@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1936-2090</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5614-7206</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gyamdzhyan</surname><given-names>Karine A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гямджян</surname><given-names>Карине Арменовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>valinor78@yahoo.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pokrovskii</surname><given-names>Andrei S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Покровский</surname><given-names>Андрей Сергеевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><email>pokrovas@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khramtsova</surname><given-names>Marina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Храмцова</surname><given-names>Марина Александровна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><email>karik-marik@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Loginevskaya</surname><given-names>Marina G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Логиневская</surname><given-names>Марина Геннадьевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>loginevskaya@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Diagnostic center No. 7 (ophtalmologic) for adults and children</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Диагностический центр № 7 (глазной) для взрослого и детского населения</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Ranbaxy</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Ранбакси</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-04-12" publication-format="electronic"><day>12</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>19</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>51</fpage><lpage>60</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-01-30"><day>30</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-03-13"><day>13</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2026,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2029-03-31"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/ov/article/view/702004">https://journals.eco-vector.com/ov/article/view/702004</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Antibiotic resistance remains a common challenge in treatment of infectious diseases, including ocular ones. Resistance of ocular pathogens can hinder choosing an antimicrobial agent and reduce the effectiveness of prescribed antibacterial therapy. Therefore, constant monitoring of pathogen susceptibility is an important step in tackling increasing antibiotic resistance.</p> <p><bold>AIM:</bold> This study aimed to identify causative agents of bacterial infections of the eyelid and conjunctiva and analyze their susceptibility to antibacterial agents in patients aged over 3 years.</p> <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> We analyzed the data of 20,607 conjunctival microbiome tests in patients with bacterial infections of the eyelid and conjunctiva who visited an outpatient department of the St. Petersburg Diagnostic Center No. 7 in 2018–2024. Conjunctival swabs were taken from all patients to identify pathogens and determine their antimicrobial susceptibility. Microorganisms were isolated and identified by microscopic, cultural, and biochemical methods.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Bacterial infections of the anterior segment were caused by Gram-positive microorganisms in 46% of cases, mainly by Staphylococcus epidermidis with a detection rate of 32.5%–37.9%, followed by Gram-negative microorganisms identified in 34% of cases, of which <italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae</italic><italic> </italic>was the most common with a detection rate of 16%–23.5%. Mixed Gram-positive and Gram-negative flora was identified in the remaining 20% of cases. Data analysis revealed high resistance of all pathogens to azithromycin, with <italic>S. epidermidis</italic><italic> </italic>resistance of up to 64%. All isolated pathogens were most susceptible (up to 99%) to fourth-generation fluoroquinolones, namely to moxifloxacin.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Based on the data obtained, moxifloxacin products may be recommended for ophthalmological use as an agent of choice for the treatment of bacterial infections of the eyelids and conjunctiva.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> В настоящее время антибиотикорезистентность остаётся общей проблемой в лечении инфекционных заболеваний, в том числе в офтальмологии. Резистентность возбудителей глазных инфекций может затруднять подбор антимикробного препарата и снижать эффективность назначаемой антибактериальной терапии. В связи с этим постоянный мониторинг чувствительности возбудителей является важным шагом в борьбе с ростом антибиотикорезистентности.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования.</bold> Идентифицировать возбудителей бактериальных заболеваний век и конъюнктивы, проанализировать их чувствительность к антибактериальным препаратам у пациентов старше 3 лет, разработать рекомендации по оптимизации антимикробной терапии на современном этапе.</p> <p><bold>Методы.</bold> Проанализированы данные 20 607 анализов на микробиоту отделяемого из конъюнктивальной полости пациентов с бактериальными заболеваниями век и конъюнктивы, обратившихся за амбулаторной помощью в Санкт-Петербургское государственное бюджетное учреждение здравоохранения «Диагностический центр № 7» (глазной) для взрослого и детского населения в 2018–2024 гг. У всех пациентов были взяты мазки с конъюнктивы с целью выявления патогенов и определения их чувствительности к антимикробным препаратам. Выделение и идентификацию микроорганизмов проводили с помощью микроскопических, культуральных и биохимических методов исследования.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> В 46% бактериальные заболевания переднего отрезка глаза были вызваны грамположительной микробиотой, в структуре которой превалировал <italic>Staphylococcus</italic><italic> </italic><italic>epidermidis</italic><italic> </italic>с удельным весом детекции 32,5–37,9%, и в 34% — грамотрицательной, среди которой превалировала <italic>Klebsiella</italic><italic> </italic><italic>pneumoniae</italic><italic> </italic>c частотой выявления 16–23,5%, в остальных 20% — смешанной грамположительной и грамотрицательной микробиотой. Анализ полученных данных выявил высокий уровень резистентности всех возбудителей к азитромицину, достигавшей до 64% у <italic>S</italic><italic>. </italic><italic>epidermidis</italic>. Наиболее высокая чувствительность всех выделенных патогенов наблюдалась к фторхинолонам IV поколения, в частности к моксифлоксацину, достигавшей 99%.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Полученные данные позволяют рекомендовать препараты моксифлоксацина к применению в офтальмологической практике в качестве препарата выбора для лечения бактериальных заболеваний век и конъюнктивы.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p/></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>microbiota</kwd><kwd>conjunctiva</kwd><kwd>antibacterial agents</kwd><kwd>susceptibility</kwd><kwd>antibacterial resistance</kwd><kwd>fluoroquinolones</kwd><kwd>moxifloxacin</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>микробиота</kwd><kwd>конъюнктивальная полость</kwd><kwd>антибактериальные препараты</kwd><kwd>чувствительность</kwd><kwd>резистентность к антибактериальным препаратам</kwd><kwd>фторхинолоны</kwd><kwd>моксифлоксацин</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Bispo PJM, Sahm DF, Asbell PA. A systematic review of multi-decade antibiotic resistance data for ocular bacterial pathogens in the United States. Ophthalmol Ther. 2022;11(2):503–520. doi: 10.1007/s40123-021-00449-9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Jin H, Parker WT, Law NW, et al. Evolving risk factors and antibiotic sensitivity patterns for microbial keratitis at a large county hospital. Br J Ophthalmol. 2017;101(11):1483–1487. doi: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2016-310026</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>CDC. Antibiotic resistance threats in the United States. 2019.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Vorontsova TN, Brzheskiy VV, Mikchailova MV. Microflora of conjunctiva in children and its sensitivity and resistance to antibacterial drugs. Ophthalmology in Russia. 2012;9(1):83–91. EDN: PBCLUP</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Okolov IN, Gurchenok PA, Vokhmyakov AV. Normal conjunctival microflora in patients undergoing ophthalmic surgery. Ophthalmology reports. 2008;1(3):1821. EDN: JUSMEB</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Polyak MS, Okolov IN. Current issues in antibiotic therapy in ophthalmology. Saint Petersburg: Nestor-Istoriya; 2016. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Dovgan’ EV. Topical antimicrobial agents in ophthalmology. A review. Ophthalmology in Russia. 2014;11(2):10–18. EDN: SFOWOL</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Asbell PA, Sanfilippo CM, DeCory HH. Antibiotic resistance of bacterial pathogens isolated from the conjunctiva in the Antibiotic Resistance Monitoring in Ocular micRoorganisms (ARMOR) surveillance study (2009–2021). Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2024;108(1):116069. doi: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2023.116069</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Chernakova GM, Maychuk DY, Murtazalieva SM, et al. Еpidemiological, etiological and clinical aspects of acute infectious conjunctives — at the crossroads of ophthalmology and epidemiology (clinical and laboratory study). Ophthalmology in Russia. 2019;15(4):476–483. doi: 10.18008/1816-5095-2018-4-476-483 EDN: YSBLNZ</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Maiti S, Gandhi J, Joseph J. Microbiological spectrum and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of non-viral conjunctivitis over 16 years at a tertiary eye care center in Southern India. Int Ophthalmol. 2023;43(10):3717–3724. doi: 10.1007/s10792-023-02781-4</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Chatterjee S, Agrawal D, Gomase SN, et al. Fluoroquinolone resistance in bacterial isolates from ocular infections: Trend in antibiotic susceptibility patterns between 2005–2020. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2022;70(12):4391–4398. doi: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_1033_22</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Ghita AM, Iliescu DA, Ghita AC, Ilie LA. Susceptibility of ocular surface bacteria to various antibiotic agents in a romanian ophthalmology clinic. Diagnostics. 2023;13(22):13223409. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics13223409</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>MAKMAH. Russian guidelines for “Determination of microorganism susceptibility to antimicrobial drugs”. (Version 2025–01). 2025. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Association of Ophthalmologists; Society of Ophthalmologists of Russia. Clinical guidelines of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation “Conjunctivitis”. Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation: 2024. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Okolov IN, Polyak MS. Moxifloxacin as a means of preventing and treating eye infections. New in ophthalmology. 2011;(3). (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Drago L. Topical antibiotic therapy in the ocular environment: The benefits of using moxifloxacin eyedrops. Microorganisms. 2024;12(4):12040649. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms12040649</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
