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Optical biometry features in silicon oil filled eyes
- Authors: Kulikov A.N.1, Kokareva E.V.1, Kuznetsov A.R.1
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Affiliations:
- Medical Military Academy named after S.M. Kirov
- Issue: Vol 11, No 3 (2018)
- Pages: 15-20
- Section: Articles
- URL: https://journals.eco-vector.com/ov/article/view/10536
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.17816/OV11315-20
- ID: 10536
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Abstract
Background. The article presents results of axial length (AL) measurement in eyes filled with silicone oil and in those without silicone oil with IOLMaster and Lenstar LS 900 optical biometry methods.
Materials and methods. The anteroposterior axis was measured in 27 eyes of 27 patients with silicone oil tamponade after surgical treatment of several vitreoretinal conditions. Using IOLMaster, the AL of eyes without silicone oil tamponade varied from 21.99 mm to 29.38 mm, Lenstar LS 900 biometry gave results from 21.96 mm to 29.41 mm.
Results. According to data obtained and to their distribution, all cases were divided into 2 groups: I group — eyes with AL less than 23.63 mm, and II group — eyes with AL more than 23.63 mm. In the group II, the disparity of consecutive measurements was reliable and amounted to 0.28 ± 0.46 mm (р = 0.024) for IOLMaster and 0.23 ± 0.44 mm (р = 0.029) for Lenstar LS 900.
Conclusion. So AL values at IOLMaster and Lenstar LS 900 biometry of silicone oil filled eyes may significantly overestimate the real ones when exceeding 23.63 mm. In case of simultaneous phacoemulsification with IOL implantation, this could lead to hypermetropic shift of postoperative refraction. Lenstar LS 900 measurement error in silicon oil filled eyes is less than that of IOLMaster, thus making the first biometry method preferable. In eyes with AL shorter than 23.63 mm, the measurement difference was not reliable, thus the biometry accuracy in silicone oil filled “short” eyes becomes higher.
Full Text
Introduction
Modern vitreoretinal surgery (VRS) with temporary tamponade of the vitreous chamber using silicone oil is the gold standard treatment for retinal detachment complicated by stage C proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) [1–4]. Silicone oil may remain in the vitreous chamber for up to several months [5, 6]. However, its contact with the lens for 2 weeks to 2 years can trigger the development of cataract in 60%–100% of cases [5, 7–10], necessitating phacoemulsification and intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation in a silicone-tamponaded eye. The procedure is particularly challenging in patients with ocular disorders that hinder biometry at the initial stage, such as retinal detachment involving the central area (maculaoff), funnel-type retinal detachment, significant epiretinal membranes, and choroidal detachment. Combined VRS with extrascleral constructions changes the axial eye length (AEL) and requires postoperative biometry and IOL power calculation in a silicone-tamponaded eye with subsequent IOL implantation. Low visual acuity and difficulties with gaze fixation [11–13], observed in patients with posterior segment eye diseases and tamponaded eyes, significantly affect the accuracy of AEL measurement. Inaccurate measurement is the main cause of refractive errors in surgeries combined with phacoemulsification. Therefore, accurate ocular biometry in silicone-tamponaded eyes is highly relevant for patients requiring phacoemulsification and IOL implantation combined with VRS.
We compared the results of AEL measurement in eyes with a silicone oil-tamponaded vitreous chamber with normal eyes using optical biometry with the IOLMaster (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Germany) and Lenstar LS900 (HaagStreit, Koeniz, Switzerland) devices.
Materials and methods
We analyzed the results of optical biometry conducted in 27 patients (27 eyes; mean age, 58.04 ± 19.11 years; range, 20–84 years) who underwent surgery for macular hole (MH) > 450 µm, retinal detachment complicated by stage C PVR, or endophthalmitis. Patients with pronounced postoperative corneal edema that prevented AEL measurement were examined after edema regress. AEL was measured using Lenstar LS900 and IOLMaster biometers in silicone-tamponaded eyes (using the regimen “silicone oil filled” in Lenstar LS900) and in eyes without silicone oil. We also used “pseudophakic acrylate” and “aphakic” regimens in patients who had previously undergone IOL implantation. We excluded patients who required extrascleral constructions in the intervals between measurements. Without silicone oil, the AEL was 21.99–29.38 (mean 24.36 ± 1.74) and 21.96–29.41 (24.44 ± 1.78) mm as measured by the IOLMaster and Lenstar LS900 devices, respectively.
Statistical analysis was performed using Microsoft Exсel 2010 (Microsoft, Inc., Redmond, WA, USA) and IBM SPSS Statistics 23.0 (IBM SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Differences were considered significance at p < 0.05.
Results
The calculated differences between AELs measured with and without silicone oil using both devices are shown in Figures 1 and 2. Considering the AEL of the schematic model of the human eye developed by Gullstrand in 1908 [14] and the area where the trend line crossed the x-axis, we divided the study participants into two groups. Group 1 included patients with AEL < 23.63 mm (11 eyes: seven eyes with MH, one after endophthalmitis surgery, two with retinal detachment, and one with epiretinal fibrosis, degenerative retinoschisis, and peripheral retinal rupture). Group 2 included patients with AEL ≥ 23.63 mm (16 eyes: three with MH, one after endophthalmitis surgery, and 12 with retinal detachment).
Fig. 1. Axial length difference in eyes with and without silicon oil endotamponade, IOLMaster biometry
Рис. 1. Разница измерений передне-задней оси на фоне силиконовой тампонады и без при биометрии IOLMaster
Fig. 2. Axial length difference in eyes with and without silicon oil endotamponade, Lenstar LS 900 biometry
Рис. 2. Разница измерений передне-задней оси на фоне силиконовой тампонады и без при биометрии Lenstar LS 900
Fig. 3. Vitreous cavity length portion in total axial length according Lenstar LS 900 biometry
Рис. 3. Доля стекловидной камеры без силиконового масла в общей передне-задней оси глаза при биометрии Lenstar LS 900
In Group 1, AELs measured using the IOLMaster and Lenstar LS900 devices were 22.69 ± 0.67 and 22.71 ± 0.66, and 22.81 ± 0.56 and 22.81 ± 0.59 mm, respectively, for eyes with and without silicone oil tamponade, respectively (Table 1). The differences between AELs measured in tamponaded and normal eyes were –0.12 ± 0.25 (p = 0.130) and –0.09 ± 0.23 (p = 0.213) mm for the IOLMaster and Lenstar LS900 devices, respectively (Table 1). Mean difference between AELs in eyes with and without tamponade measured by the Lenstar LS900 was slightly lower than that measured by the IOLMaster.
Table 1. Axial length evaluation with different biometry methods
Таблица 1. Величина передне-задней оси при измерении с помощью биометров разного типа
Group | Biometry method | Silicone tamponade of the vitreous chamber, mm | Difference in AELs, mm | Significance of differences (Wilcoxon test), p | |
With | Without | ||||
I | IOLMaster | 22.69 ± 0.67 | 22.81 ± 0.56 | –0.12 ± 0.25 | 0.130 |
Lenstar LS 900 | 22.71 ± 0.66 | 22.81 ± 0.57 | –0.09 ± 0.23 | 0.213 | |
II | IOLMaster | 25.69 ± 1.63 | 25.41 ± 1.51 | 0.28 ± 0.46 | 0.024 |
Lenstar LS 900 | 25.76 ± 1.67 | 25.52 ± 1.51 | 0.23 ± 0.44 | 0.029 | |
In Group 2, AELs measured by the IOLMaster and Lenstar were 25.69 ± 1.63 and 25.76 ± 1.67 mm, respectively, in silicone-tamponaded eyes, and 25.41 ± 1.51 and 25.52 ± 1.51 mm, respectively, in eyes without silicone oil. We observed a significant difference between the results of serial AEL measurements in Group 2: 0.28 ± 0.46 (p = 0.024) and 0.23 ± 0.44 (p = 0.029) mm with the IOLMaster and Lenstar LS900, respectively (Table 1).
There was a trend towards underestimation of mean AELs in eyes with silicone oil in Group 1 and towards overestimation in Group 2 (Figs. 1, 2). Mean difference between measurements obtained with the Lenstar LS900 was lower than that obtained with IOLMaster (Table 1).
We also compared the differences in AEL in eyes with and without tamponade between the two groups. In Group 2, the difference was significantly higher than in Group 1 for the IOLMaster (Mann-Whit ney U test, p = 0.016) and Lenstar LS900 (Mann-Whitney test, p = 0,007) measurements (Table 2).
Table 2. Axial length difference in eyes with and without silicon oil endotamponade in groups using various biometry methods
Таблица 2. Разница измерений передне-задней оси приборами разного типа на фоне силиконовой тампонады и без между группами
Biometry method | Changes in Group 1 | Changes in Group 2 | Significance of differences (Mann-Whitney test), p |
IOLMaster. mm | –0.12 ± 0.25 | 0.28 ± 0.46 | 0.016 |
Lenstar LS 900, мм | –0.09 ± 0.23 | 0.23 ± 0.44 | 0.007 |
Using Lenstar LS900, we also estimated the size of the vitreous cavity compared with the total eyeball length. The vitreous cavity fraction varied between 67.10% and 80.23% (73.37% ± 4.70%) and did not correlate with AEL (Spearman correlation coefficient 0.18, p > 0.05).
Discussion
Evaluation of average refractive indices of the ocular media in silicone-tamponaded eyes with extreme AELs using devices, such as the IOLMaster, can lead to measurement errors despite the special biometric regimens offered by the manufacturer. This can cause significant deviations in the refractive result from the planned one due to inaccurate IOL power calculation, because this device does not allow segment-by-segment estimation of eyeball length [15, 16]. The Lenstar LS900 demonstrated less significant differences in AEL between eyes with and without tamponade in both groups. Our findings suggested a higher accuracy of this device compared to the IOLMaster, which certainly is associated with use of the average refractive index for each measured segment, including the vitreous cavity.
We found no correlation between vitreous cavity size (percentage of total eyeball length) and AEL. We also observed no significant differences in biometric parameters between the IOLMaster and Lenstar LS900 measurements in Group 1. These facts prevented us from concluding that a smaller error is associated with a decreased vitreous cavity fraction, which has a refractive index different from the average refractive index, in the total eye length when converting the optical wavelength into a geometric distance. Most probably, it can be attributed to small sample size and requires additional observations.
Some investigators believe that significant inaccuracy in IOL power calculation associated with errors in AEL measurement in a silicone-tamponaded eye can be addressed by lens replacement (repetitive surgery) 2–3 months after receiving more accurate measurements [17]. In our opinion, this treatment strategy increases the risk of complications, including recurrent retinal detachment, infectious complications, etc. Increased accuracy of IOL power calculation will help avoiding repeated surgeries and reducing the probability of complications; thus, decreasing the time of rehabilitation and professional adaptation of patients after treatment.
We observed an insignificant underestimation (Group 1) and a significant overestimation (Group 2) of mean AELs (evaluated with the IOLMaster and Lenstar LS900) in silicon-tamponaded eyes. This finding suggested that, in the case of IOL implantation, target refraction should be low myopia in eyes with AEL > 23.63 mm and low hypermetropia in eyes with AEL < 23.63 mm to avoid measurement errors in silicone-tamponaded eyes and incorrect final refraction. However, such recommendations certainly must be confirmed by further studies.
Conclusion
Use of the IOLMaster and Lenstar LS900 in silicone-tamponaded eyes with AEL > 23.63 can lead to measurement errors, despite the special biometric regimens “silicone-filled eye” and “silicone oil–filled.” Overestimated AELs will lead to a hypermetropic shift in postoperative refraction in the case of simultaneous lens replacement. The Lenstar LS900 demonstrated less significant differences in AEL between eyes with and without tamponade than the IOLMaster, which makes it a method of choice in eyes requiring simultaneous removal of silicone oil and complicated cataract surgery. This difference was insignificant in eyes with AEL < 23.63 mm, which reduces the possibility of errors in “shorter” eyes with silicone tamponade of the vitreous cavity.
Funding and conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest associated with the present manuscript.
Authors’ contribution:
A.N. Kulikov and E.V. Kokareva developed the research concept.
A.R. Kuznetsov performed data analysis and drafted the manuscript.
About the authors
Alexey N. Kulikov
Medical Military Academy named after S.M. Kirov
Email: pit-ark@mail.ru
MD, Professor, Head of Ophthalmology Department
Russian Federation, St. PetersburgEkaterina V. Kokareva
Medical Military Academy named after S.M. Kirov
Email: pit-ark@mail.ru
MD, Head of the Hospital Department. Ophthalmology Department
Russian Federation, St. PetersburgAlexander R. Kuznetsov
Medical Military Academy named after S.M. Kirov
Author for correspondence.
Email: pit-ark@mail.ru
Ophthalmology Department Resident
Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, RussiaReferences
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