I.P. Pavlov Russian Medical Biological HeraldI.P. Pavlov Russian Medical Biological HeraldРоссийский медико-биологический вестник имени академика И.П. Павлова0204-34752500-2546Eco-Vector3463310.23888/PAVLOVJ2020284567-577ReviewНаучные обзорыReview ArticleProtective mechanisms of lungsЗащитные механизмы легкихhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5528-6742AAG-5064-20208866-5935ShustovaSvetlana A.ШустоваСветлана Александровна
Russian Federation

MD, PhD, Associate Professor of the Department of Pathophysiology

к.м.н., доцент кафедры патофизиологии

sv_shustova@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9179-5181AAG-5068-20202779-0313MiroshkinaTatiana A.МирошкинаТатьяна Александровна
Russian Federation

MD, PhD, Associate Professor of theDepartment of Pathophysiology

к.м.н., доцент кафедры патофизиологии

mirta62@yandex.ruRyazan State Medical UniversityФГБОУ ВО Рязанский государственный медицинский университет им. акад. И.П. Павлова Минздрава России151220202845675770806202012112020Copyright ©; 2021, Eco-VectorCopyright ©; 2021, OOO "Эко-Вектор"Copyright ©; 2021, Eco-Vector2021Eco-VectorOOO "Эко-Вектор"Eco-Vectorhttps://journals.eco-vector.com/pavlovj/article/view/34633

Respiratory system maintains a close contact with the environment and is constantly exposed to numerous pathogenic factors. In response to action of pathogen, different strategies of specific and non-specific defense have been formed: barrier functions of the epithelium, defense reflexes (coughing, sneezing), muco-ciliary clearance, resident and recruited cells, secretion of a number of proteins and peptides with protective functions.

Aim. To systematize modern concepts of the protective mechanisms of lungs on the basis of the data of the relevant literature.

In the work, the mechanisms and clinical significance of muco-ciliary clearance, resident alveolar and recruited macrophages, epithelial cells, neutrophils, lymphocytes and platelets are analyzed.

Conclusion. The presented mechanisms can counteract the action of various pathogenic agents with sufficient effectiveness. However, in some cases an organism develops insufficient, excessive or perverted response to permeation of pathogens. This results in damage to the lung tissue by exogenous agents and/or by self immune system. Knowledge of protective mechanisms realized in the respiratory system, is necessary for understanding pathogenesis of respiratory diseases and for choice of the optimal treatment tactics.

Респираторная система поддерживает тесный контакт с окружающей средой и постоянно сталкивается со множеством болезнетворных факторов. В ответ на действие патогенов в ней сформировались различные стратегии специфической и неспецифической защиты: барьерные функции эпителия, защитные рефлексы (кашель, чихание), «мукоцилиарный эскалатор», резидентные и рекрутируемые клетки, секреция ряда белков и пептидов с защитными функциями.

Цель. На основание данных актуальной литературы систематизировать современные представления о защитных механизмах легких.

В работе проведен анализ механизмов и клинического значения «мукоцилиарного эскалатора», резидентных альвеолярных и рекрутированных макрофагов, эпителиальных клеток, нейтрофилов, лимфоцитов и тромбоцитов.

Заключение. Представленные механизмы способны достаточно эффективно противостоять действию разнообразных патогенных агентов. Однако, в ряде случаев ответ организма на внедрение патогенов оказывается недостаточным, избыточным или извращенным. В результате легочная ткань повреждается экзогенными агентами и/или собственной иммунной системой. Знание защитных механизмов, реализуемых в дыхательной системе, необходимо для понимания патогенеза респираторных заболеваний и выбора оптимальной тактики лечения пациентов.

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