Pediatrician (St. Petersburg)Pediatrician (St. Petersburg)Педиатр2079-78502587-6252Eco-Vector58497110.17816/PED14397-110ReviewsОбзорыReview ArticleMolecular genetic traits and risk factors for neuroblastomaМолекулярно-генетические черты и факторы риска развития нейробластомыKlimenkoLada O.КлименкоЛада Олеговна
Russian Federation

5th year student of Pediatrics Faculty

cтудентка 5-го курса педиатрического факультета

klimenkolada00@mail.ruMelnikovMaksim E.МельниковМаксим Евгеньевич
Russian Federation

6th year student of the Pediatrics Faculty, laboratory assistant of the Department of Oncology, Pediatric Oncology and Radiation Therapy

студент 6-го курса педиатрического факультета, лаборант кафедры онкологии, детской онкологии и лучевой терапии

melmakse@gmail.comKulyovaSvetlana A.КулеваСветлана Александровна
Russian Federation

MD, PhD, Dr. Med. Sci., Professor, Head of the Department of Oncology, Pediatric Oncology and Radiation Therapy

д-р. мед. наук, профессор, заведующая кафедрой онкологии, детской онкологии и лучевой терапии

kulevadoc@yandex.ruKondratievGleb V.КондратьевГлеб Валентинович
Russian Federation

Assistant Professor, Department of Oncology, Pediatric Oncology and Radiation Therapy, Pediatric Oncologist

ассистент кафедры онкологии, детской онкологии и лучевой терапии, врач-детский онколог

spbgvk@mail.ruSaint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical UniversityСанкт-Петербургский государственный педиатрический медицинский университетN.N. Petrov National Medical Research Centre of OncologyНациональный медицинский исследовательский центр онкологии им. Н.Н. ПетроваSaint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical UniversityСанкт-Петербургский государственный педиатрический медицинский университет19092023143971101809202318092023Copyright ©; 2023, Eco-VectorCopyright ©; 2023, Эко-ВекторCopyright ©; 2023,2023Eco-VectorЭко-Векторhttps://journals.eco-vector.com/pediatr/article/view/584971

Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor in childhood, accounting for 8–15% of all malignant neoplasms in children. The uniqueness of the neuroblastoma etiology and pathogenesis creates significant difficulties for doctors due to the unpredictability of the course of the disease: the tumor can regress and lead to death in a short time, showing significant immunity to ongoing therapy. Early diagnosis of a tumor is necessary to understand the risk factors, the etiology, the mechanisms of neuroblastoma occurrence and further development. To date, a number of different risk factors have been identified, related both to genetic aspects and to aspects related to the course of pregnancy, birth and lifestyle of the child’s parents. The list of these risk factors is still incomplete and research to identify new factors continues to this day. Morphological and molecular genetic diagnostics play an important role in this. Undifferentiated and low-differentiated variants of neuroblastoma are often associated with MYCN amplification and other chromosomal aberrations determined by molecular genetic research. Chromosomal instability plays an important role in the process of early tumor development, which probably causes the possibility of acquiring certain genetic changes, which also determines the prognosis and further therapeutic options. In this article, we have identified the most significant risk factors by comparing the results of various studies.

Нейробластома — наиболее распространенная экстракраниальная солидная опухоль детского возраста, составляющая 8–15 % всех злокачественных новообразований у детей. Уникальность этиологии и патогенеза нейробластомы создают значительные трудности для клиницистов в силу непредсказуемости течения заболевания: опухоль может как регрессировать, так и привести к летальному исходу за короткое время, проявляя значительную невосприимчивость к проводимой терапии. Именно поэтому для эффективной ранней диагностики опухоли необходимо понимание факторов риска, особенностей этиологии данного новообразования, механизмов его возникновения и дальнейшего развития. К настоящему времени определен ряд разнообразных факторов риска, обусловленных как генетическими перестройками, так и аспектами, связанными с течением беременности, рождением и образом жизни родителей ребенка. Список данных факторов все еще остается незавершенным, и исследования по их выявлению продолжаются по настоящий день. Большую роль играет морфологическая и молекулярно-генетическая диагностика. Недифференцированные и низкодифференцированные варианты нейробластомы часто ассоциированы с MYCN-амплификацией и иными хромосомными аберрациями, определяемыми при молекулярно-генетическом исследовании. На процесс раннего развития опухоли в основном влияет хромосомная нестабильность, которая, вероятно, обусловливает возможность приобретения тех или иных генетических изменений, что также определяет прогноз и дальнейшие терапевтические опции. В данной статье мы выделили наиболее показательные факторы риска, сравнив результаты разнообразных исследований.

neuroblastomachildrenhistological patterngenetic predispositionprognostic factorsнейробластомадетигистологическая структурагенетическая предрасположенностьпрогностические факторыAndreeva NA, Druy AE, Shamanskaya TV, et al. ALK and neuroblastoma: from molecular genetics to clinics. Russian Journal of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology. 2019;6(2):54–60. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.21682/2311-1267-2019-6-2-54-60Андреева Н.А., Друй А.Е., Шаманская Т.В., и др. ALK и нейробластома: от молекулярной генетики до клиники // Российский журнал детской гематологии и онкологии. 2019. Т. 6, № 2. С. 54–60. DOI: 10.21682/2311-1267-2019-6-2-54-60Druy AE. Prognosticheskoe znachenie molekulyarno-geneticheskikh markerov u patsientov s neiroblastomoi [dissertation abstract]. Saint Petersburg, 2015. 25 p. (In Russ.)Друй А.Е. Прогностическое значение молекулярно-генетических маркеров у пациентов с нейробластомой: автореф. дис. … канд. мед. наук. Санкт-Петербург, 2015. 25 с.Druy AY, Tsaur GA, Shorikov YV, et al. Prognostic Impact of MYCN amplification, 1p deletion and 11q deletion in neuroblastoma patients. Pediatrician (St. Petersburg). 2013;4(1):41–48. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.17816/PED4141-48Друй А.Е., Цаур Г.А., Шориков Е.В., и др. Прогностическое значение амплификации гена MYCN, делеции короткого плеча хромосомы 1 и делеции длинного плеча хромосомы 11 у пациентов с нейробластомой // Педиатр. 2013. Т. 4, № 1. С. 41–48. DOI: 10.17816/PED4141-48Ivanov NS, Kachanov DY, Larin SS, et al. The role of GD2 as a diagnostic and prognostic tumor marker in neuroblastoma (literature review). Russian Journal of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology. 2021;8(4):47–59. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.21682/2311-1267-2021-8-4-47-59Иванов И.С., Качанов Д.Ю., Ларин С.С., и др. Роль GD2 как диагностического и прогностического опухолевого маркера при нейробластоме (Обзор литературы) // Российский журнал детской гематологии и онкологии. 2021. Т. 8, № 4. С. 47–59. DOI: 10.21682/2311-1267-2021-8-4-47-59Imyanitov EN, Khanson KP. Molekulyarnaya onkologiya: klinicheskie aspekty. Saint Petersburg: Izdatel’skii dom SPBMAPO, 2007. 231 p. (In Russ.)Имянитов Е.Н., Хансон К.П. Молекулярная онкология: клинические аспекты. Санкт-Петербург: Издательский дом СПбМАПО, 2007. 231 с.Kachanov DY, Shamanskaya TV, Shevtsov DV, et al. Genetic predisposition to neuroblastoma in children: own data and literature review. Onkopediatriya. 2016;3(4):277–287. (In Russ.)Качанов Д.Ю., Шаманская Т.В., Шевцов Д.В., и др. Генетическая предрасположенность к нейробластоме у детей: собственные данные и обзор литературы // Онкопедиатрия. 2016. Т. 3, № 4. С. 277–287.Kozel YuYu, Nesterova YuA, Kuznetzov SA, et al. Experience of neuroblastoma treatment in children and teenagers (materials of pediatric oncology department of Rostov cancer research institute for 2001–2009). Medical Herald of the South of Russia. 2010;(2):57–61. (In Russ.)Козель Ю.Ю., Нестерова Ю.А., Кузнецов С.А., и др. Опыт лечения нейробластом у детей и подростков (по материалам отделения детской онкологии РНИОИ за 2001–2009 годы) // Медицинский вестник Юга России. 2010. № 2. С. 57–61.Korablev RV, Vasilyev AG. Neoangiogenesis and tumor growth. Russian Biomedical Research. 2017;2(4):3–10. (In Russ.)Кораблев Р.В., Васильев А.Г. Неоангиогенез и опухолевый рост // Росcийские биомедицинские исследования. 2017. Т. 2, № 4. С. 3–10.Muftakhova GM, Katchanov DYu, Pankratieva LL, et al. Effects of extrinsic factors on development of neuroblastoma in babies during first year of life. Doctor.Ru. 2015;(10):62–68. (In Russ.)Муфтахова Г.М., Качанов Д.Ю., Панкратьева Л.Л., и др. Влияние внешних факторов на развитие нейробластомы у детей первого года // Доктор.Ру. 2015. № 10. С. 62–68.Pechatnikova VA, Trashkov AP, Zelenenko MA, et al. Visualization capabilities of experimental oncological models in small laboratory animals. Pediatrician (St. Petersburg). 2018;9(4):105–112. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.17816/PED94105-112Печатникова В.А., Трашков А.П., Зелененко М.А., и др. Возможности визуализации при воспроизведении экспериментальных онкологических моделей у мелких лабораторных животных // Педиатр. 2018. Т. 9, № 4. С. 105–112. DOI: 10.17816/PED94105-112Rachkov VE, Sukhov MN, Kozlov YuA, et al. The potential of endovideosurgery for the treatment of neuroblastomas in children. Russian Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2014;18(6):18–23. (In Russ.)Рачков В.Е., Сухов М.Н., Козлов Ю.А., и др. Возможности эндовидеохирургии в лечении нейробластом у детей // Детская хирургия. 2014. Т. 18, № 6. С. 18–23.Solovev AE, Morgun VV, Pakholchuk AP. Features of neuroblastomas in children. Onkopediatriya. 2015;2(2): 145–148. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.15690/onco.v2.i2.1346Соловьёв А.Е., Моргун В.В., Пахольчук А.П. Особенности нейробластом у детей // Онкопедиатрия. 2015. Т. 2, № 2. С. 145–148. DOI: 10.15690/onco.v2.i2.1346Stroganova AM, Karseladze AI. Neuroblastoma: morphological pattern, molecular genetic features, and prognostic factors. Advances in Molecular Oncology. 2016;3(1):32–43. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.17650/2313-805X.2016.3.1.32-43Строганова А.М., Карселадзе А.И. Нейробластома: морфологическая структура, молекулярно-генетические особенности и прогностические факторы // Успехи молекулярной онкологии. 2016. Т. 3, № 1. С. 32–43. DOI: 10.17650/2313-805X.2016.3.1.32-43Stroganova AM, Rubanskaya MV, Chemeris GYu, et al. Protein CRABP1 as one of the possible prognosis factors in children with high-risk neuroblastoma. Russian Journal of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology. 2019;6(4):48–54. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.21682/2311-1267-2019-6-4-48-54Строганова А.М., Рубанская М.В., Чемерис Г.Ю., и др. Белок CRABP1 как один из возможных факторов прогноза у детей с нейробластомой группы высокого риска // Российский журнал детской гематологии и онкологии. 2019. Т. 6, № 4. С. 48–54. DOI: 10.21682/2311-1267-2019-6-4-48-54Simon T, Fischer M, Hero B. Individualized therapy in neuroblastoma. Russian Journal of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology. 2016;3(4):36–47. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.17650/2311-1267-2016-3-4-36-47Торстен С., Фишер М., Херо Б. Индивидуализированная терапия нейробластомы // Российский журнал детской гематологии и онкологии. 2016. Т. 3, № 4. С. 36–47. DOI: 10.17650/2311-1267-2016-3-4-36-47Suc A, Lumbroso J, Rubie H, et al. Metastatic neuroblastoma in children older than one year prognostic significance of the initial metaiodobenzylguanidine scan and proposal for a scoring system. Cancer. 1996;77(4):805–811. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19960215)77:4<805::AID-CNCR29>3.0.CO;2-3Suc A., Lumbroso J., Rubie H., et al. Metastatic neuroblastoma in children older than one year prognostic significance of the initial metaiodobenzylguanidine scan and proposal for a scoring system // Cancer. 1996. Vol. 77, No. 4. P. 805–811. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19960215)77:4<805::AID-CNCR29>3.0.CO;2-3Nakagawara A, Ikeda K, Tsuda T, Higashi K. N-myc oncogene amplification and prognostic factors of neuroblastoma in children. J Pediatr Surg. 1987;22(10): 895–898. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-3468(87)80583-3Nakagawara A., Ikeda K., Tsuda T., Higashi K. N-myc oncogene amplification and prognostic factors of neuroblastoma in children // J Pediatr Surg. 1987. Vol. 22, No. 10. P. 895–898. DOI: 10.1016/S002203468(87)80583-3Evans AE, D’Angio GJ, Propert K, et al. Prognostic factors in neuroblastoma. Cancer. 1987;59(11):1853–1859. DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(19870601)59:11<1853:: AID-CNCR2820591102>3.0.CO;2-FEvans A.E., D’Angio G.J., Propert K., et al. Prognostic factors in neuroblastoma // Cancer. 1987. Vol. 59, No. 11. P. 1853–1859. DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(19870601)59:11<1853:: AID-CNCR2820591102>3.0.CO;2-FBekhit E, Yap J, Baba Y. Neuroblastoma. Reference article. Radiopaedia.org. 2023. DOI: 10.53347/rID-1722Bekhit E., Yap J., Baba Y. Neuroblastoma. Reference article // Radiopaedia.org. 2023. DOI: 10.53347/rID-1722Bjørge T, Engeland A, Tretli S, Heuch I. Birth and parental characteristics and risk of neuroblastoma in a population-based Norwegian cohort study. Br J Cancer. 2008;99(7):1165–1169. DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604646Bjørge T., Engeland A., Tretli S., Heuch I. Birth and parental characteristics and risk of neuroblastoma in a population-based Norwegian cohort study // Br J Cancer. 2008. Vol. 99, No. 7. P. 1165–1169. DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604646Oppedal BR, Storm-Mathisen I, Lie SO, Brandtzaeg P. Prognostic factors in neuroblastoma clinical, histopathologic, and lmmunohistochemical features and DNA ploidy in relation to prognosis. Cancer. 1988;62(4):772–780. DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(19880815)62:4<772:: AID-CNCR2820620422>3.0.CO;2-UOppedal B.R., Storm-Mathisen I., Lie S.O., Brandtzaeg P. Prognostic factors in neuroblastoma clinical, histopathologic, and lmmunohistochemical features and DNA ploidy in relation to prognosis // Cancer. 1988. Vol. 62, No. 4. P. 772–780. DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(19880815)62:4<772:: AID-CNCR2820620422>3.0.CO;2-UBourdeaut F, Ferrand S, Brugieres L, et al. ALK germline mutations in patients with neuroblastoma: a rare and weakly penetrant syndrome. Eur J Hum Genet. 2012;20:291–297. DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2011.195Bourdeaut F., Ferrand S., Brugieres L., et al. ALK germline mutations in patients with neuroblastoma: a rare and weakly penetrant syndrome // Eur J Hum Genet. 2012. Vol. 20. P. 291–297. DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2011.195Buck GM, Michalek AM, Chen CJ, et al. Perinatal factors and risk of neuroblastoma. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2001;15(1):47–53. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3016.2001.00307.xBuck G.M., Michalek A.M., Chen C.J., et al. Perinatal factors and risk of neuroblastoma // Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2001. Vol. 15, No. 1. P. 47–53. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3016.2001.00307.xJoyner BD, Talavera F, Kopell BH, Lopushnyan N. Neuroblastoma. Medscape. 2021.Joyner B.D., Talavera F., Kopell B.H., Lopushnyan N. Neuroblastoma // Medscape. 2021.Kim D-K, Alvarado CS, Abramowsky CR, et al. Expression of inhibitor-of-apoptosis protein (IAP) livin by neuroblastoma cells: Correlation with prognostic factors and outcome. Pediatr Dev Pathol. 2005;8(6): 621–629. DOI: 10.1007/s10024-005-4108-3Kim D.-K., Alvarado C.S., Abramowsky C.R., et al. Expression of inhibitor-of-apoptosis protein (IAP) livin by neuroblastoma cells: Correlation with prognostic factors and outcome // Pediatr Dev Pathol. 2005. Vol. 8, No. 6. P. 621–629. DOI: 10.1007/s10024-005-4108-3Daling JR, Starzyk P, Olshan AF, Weiss NS. Birth weight and the incidence of childhood cancer. J Natl Cancer. 1984;72(5):1039–1041.Daling J.R., Starzyk P., Olshan A.F., Weiss N.S. Birth weight and the incidence of childhood cancer // J Natl Cancer. 1984. Vol. 72, No. 5. P. 1039–1041.George RE, Sanda T, Hanna M, et al. Activating mutations in ALK provide a therapeutic target in neuroblastoma. Nature. 2008;455:975–978. DOI: 10.1038/nature07397George R.E., Sanda T., Hanna M., et al. Activating mutations in ALK provide a therapeutic target in neuroblastoma // Nature. 2008. Vol. 455. P. 975–978. DOI: 10.1038/nature07397Hamrick SE, Olshan AF, Neglia JP, Pollock BH. Association of pregnancy history and birth characteristics with neuroblastoma: a report from the Children’s Cancer Group and Pediatric Oncology Group. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2001;15(4):328–337. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3016.2001.0376a.xHamrick S.E., Olshan A.F., Neglia J.P., Pollock B.H. Association of pregnancy history and birth characteristics with neuroblastoma: a report from the Children’s Cancer Group and Pediatric Oncology Group // Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2001. Vol. 15, No. 4. P. 328–337. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3016.2001.0376a.xHeck JE, Ritz B, Hung RJ, et al. The epidemiology of neuroblastoma: a review. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2009;23(2):125–143. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3016.2008.00983.xHeck J.E., Ritz B., Hung R.J., et al. The epidemiology of neuroblastoma: a review // Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2009. Vol. 23, No. 2. P. 125–143. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3016.2008.00983.xShimada H, Chatten J, Newton WA, et al. Histopathologic prognostic factors in neuroblastic tumors: Definition of subtypes of ganglioneuroblastoma and an age-linked classification of neuroblastomas. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1984;73(2):405–416. DOI: 10.1093/jnci/73.2.405Shimada H., Chatten J., Newton W.A., et al. Histopathologic prognostic factors in neuroblastic tumors: Definition of subtypes of ganglioneuroblastoma and an age-linked classification of neuroblastomas // J Natl Cancer Inst. 1984. Vol. 73, No. 2. P. 405–416. DOI: 10.1093/jnci/73.2.405Huang M, Weiss WA. Neuroblastoma and MYCN. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2013;3(10):a014415. DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a014415Huang M., Weiss W.A. Neuroblastoma and MYCN // Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2013. Vol. 3, No. 10. ID a014415. DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a014415Ladenstein R, Ambros IM, Potschger U, et al. Prognostic significance of DNA di-tetraploidy in neuroblastoma. Med Pediatr Oncol. 2001;36(1):83–92. DOI: 10.1002/1096-911X(20010101)36:1<83::AID-MPO1020>3.0.CO;2-9Ladenstein R., Ambros I.M., Potschger U., et al. Prognostic significance of DNA di-tetraploidy in neuroblastoma // Med Pediatr Oncol. 2001. Vol. 36, No. 1. P. 83–92. DOI: 10.1002/1096-911X(20010101)36:1<83::AID-MPO1020>3.0.CO;2-9Janoueix-Lerosey I, Lequin D, Brugieres L, et al. Somatic and germ line activating mutations of the ALK kinase receptor in neuroblastoma. Nature. 2008;455: 967–970. DOI: 10.1038/nature07398Janoueix-Lerosey I., Lequin D., Brugieres L., et al. Somatic and germ line activating mutations of the ALK kinase receptor in neuroblastoma // Nature. 2008. Vol. 455. P. 967–970. DOI: 10.1038/nature07398Johnson CC, Spitz MR. Neuroblastoma: case-control analysis of birth characteristics. J Natl Cancer. 1985;74(4):789–792.Johnson C.C., Spitz M.R. Neuroblastoma: case-control analysis of birth characteristics // J Natl Cancer. 1985. Vol. 74, No. 4. P. 789–792.Johnson KJ, Puumala SE, Soler JT, Spector LG. Perinatal characteristics and risk of neuroblastoma. Int J Cancer. 2008;123(5):1166–1172. DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23645Johnson K.J., Puumala S.E., Soler J.T., Spector L.G. Perinatal characteristics and risk of neuroblastoma // Int J Cancer. 2008. Vol. 123, No. 5. P. 1166–1172. DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23645Laut AK, Dorneburg C, Fürstberger A, et al. CHD5 inhibits metastasis of neuroblastoma. Oncogene. 2022;41(5): 622–633. DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-02081-0Laut A.K., Dorneburg C., Fürstberger A., et al. CHD5 inhibits metastasis of neuroblastoma // Oncogene. 2022. Vol. 41, No. 5. P. 622–633. DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-02081-0Lau L. Neuroblastoma: A single institution’s experience with 128 children and an evaluation of clinical and biological prognostic factors. Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2002;19(2):79–89. DOI: 10.1080/08880010252825669Lau L. Neuroblastoma: A single institution’s experience with 128 children and an evaluation of clinical and biological prognostic factors // Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2002. Vol. 19, No. 2. P. 79–89. DOI: 10.1080/08880010252825669Lundberg KI, Treis D, Johnsen JI. Neuroblastoma heterogeneity, plasticity, and emerging therapies. Curr Oncol Rep. 2022;24(8):1053–1062. DOI: 10.1007/s11912-022-01270-8Lundberg K.I., Treis D., Johnsen J.I. Neuroblastoma heterogeneity, plasticity, and emerging therapies // Curr Oncol Rep. 2022. Vol. 24, No. 8. P. 1053–1062. DOI: 10.1007/s11912-022-01270-8Menegaux F, Olshan AF, Reitnauer PJ, et al. Positive association between congenital anomalies and risk of neuroblastoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2005;45(5): 649–655. DOI: 10.1002/pbc.20263Menegaux F., Olshan A.F., Reitnauer P.J., et al. Positive association between congenital anomalies and risk of neuroblastoma // Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2005. Vol. 45, No. 5. P. 649–655. DOI: 10.1002/pbc.20263El-Sayed MI, Ali AM, Sayed HA, Zaky EM. Treatment results and prognostic factors of pediatric neuroblastoma: a retrospective study. Int Arch Med. 2010;3:37. DOI: 10.1186/1755-7682-3-37El-Sayed M.I., Ali A.M., Sayed H.A., Zaky E.M. Treatment results and prognostic factors of pediatric neuroblastoma: a retrospective study // Int Arch Med. 2010. Vol. 3. ID 37. DOI: 10.1186/1755-7682-3-37Mosse YP, Laudenslager M, Khazi D, et al. Germline PHOX2B mutation in hereditary neuroblastoma. Am J Hum Genet. 2004;75(4):727–730. DOI: 10.1086/424530Mosse Y.P., Laudenslager M., Khazi D., et al. Germline PHOX2B mutation in hereditary neuroblastoma // Am J Hum Genet. 2004. Vol. 75, No. 4. P. 727–730. DOI: 10.1086/424530Mosse YP, Laudenslager M, Longo L, et al. Identification of ALK as a major familial neuroblastoma predisposition gene. Nature. 2008;455:930–935. DOI: 10.1038/nature07261Mosse Y.P., Laudenslager M., Longo L., et al. Identification of ALK as a major familial neuroblastoma predisposition gene // Nature. 2008. Vol. 455. P. 930–935. DOI: 10.1038/nature07261www.cancer.net [Internet]. Neuroblastoma — Childhood: risk factors [cited 2021 Jun]. Available at: https://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/neuroblastoma-childhood/risk-factorswww.cancer.net [Электронный ресурс]. Neuroblastoma — Childhood: risk factors [дата обращения: 06.2021]. Режим доступа: https://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/neuroblastoma-childhood/risk-factorsLacayo NJ, Davis KL, Windle ML, et al. Pediatric Neuroblastoma. Medscape. 2021.Lacayo N.J., Davis K.L., Windle M.L., et al. Pediatric Neuroblastoma // Medscape. 2021.Otte J, Dyberg C, Pepich A, Johnsen JI. MYCN function in neuroblastoma development. Front Oncol. 2021;10:624079. DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.624079Otte J., Dyberg C., Pepich A., Johnsen J.I. MYCN function in neuroblastoma development // Front Oncol. 2021. Vol. 10. ID624079. DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.624079Paolini L, Hussain S, Galardy PJ. Chromosome instability in neuroblastoma: A pathway to aggressive disease. Front Oncol. 2022;12:988972. DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.988972Paolini L., Hussain S., Galardy P.J. Chromosome instability in neuroblastoma: A pathway to aggressive disease // Front Oncol. 2022. Vol. 12. ID 988972. DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.988972Schüz J, Kaletsch U, Meinert R, et al. Risk factors for neuroblastoma at different stages of disease. Results from a population-based case-control study in Germany. J Clin Epidemiol. 2001;54(7):702–709. DOI: 10.1016/S0895-4356(00)00339-5Schüz J., Kaletsch U., Meinert R., et al. Risk factors for neuroblastoma at different stages of disease. Results from a population-based case-control study in Germany // J Clin Epidemiol. 2001. Vol. 54, No. 7. P. 702–709. DOI: 10.1016/S0895-4356(00)00339-5Ootsuka S, Asami S, Sasaki T, et al. Analyses of novel prognostic factors in neuroblastoma patients. Biol Pharm Bull. 2007;30(12):2294–2299. DOI: 10.1248/bpb.30.2294Ootsuka S., Asami S., Sasaki T., et al. Analyses of novel prognostic factors in neuroblastoma patients // Biol Pharm Bull. 2007. Vol. 30, No. 12. P. 2294–2299. DOI: 10.1248/bpb.30.2294www.cancer.org [Internet]. The American Cancer Society medical and editorial content team, neuroblastoma stages and prognostic markers [cited 2021 Apr 28]. Available at: https://www.cancer.org/www.cancer.org [Электронный ресурс]. The American Cancer Society medical and editorial content team, neuroblastoma stages and prognostic markers [дата обращения: 28.04.2021]. Режим доступа: https://www.cancer.org/Tonini GP. Growth, progression and chromosome instability of Neuroblastoma: a new scenario of tumorigenesis? BMC Cancer. 2017;17:20. DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2986-6Tonini G.P. Growth, progression and chromosome instability of Neuroblastoma: a new scenario of tumorigenesis? // BMC Cancer. 2017. Vol. 17. ID 20. DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2986-6Trochet D, Bourdeaut F, Janoueix-Lerosey I, et al. Germline mutations of the paired-like homeobox 2B (PHOX2B) gene in neuroblastoma. Am J Hum Genet. 2004;74(4):761–764. DOI: 10.1086/383253Trochet D., Bourdeaut F., Janoueix-Lerosey I., et al. Germline mutations of the paired-like homeobox 2B (PHOX2B) gene in neuroblastoma // Am J Hum Genet. 2004. Vol. 74, No. 4. P. 761–764. DOI: 10.1086/383253Urayama KY, Von Behren J, Reynolds P. Birth characteristics and risk of neuroblastoma in young children. Am J Epidemiol. 2007;165(5):486–495. DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwk041Urayama K.Y., Von Behren J., Reynolds P. Birth characteristics and risk of neuroblastoma in young children // Am J Epidemiol. 2007. Vol. 165, No. 5. P. 486–495. DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwk041Yeazel MW, Ross JA, Buckley JD, et al. High birth weight and risk of specific childhood cancers: a report from the children’s cancer group. J Pediatr. 1997;131(5): 671–677. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-3476(97)70091-XYeazel M.W., Ross J.A., Buckley J.D., et al. High birth weight and risk of specific childhood cancers: a report from the children’s cancer group // J Pediatr. 1997. Vol. 131, No. 5. P. 671–677. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-3476(97)70091-XChen Y, Takita J, Choi YL, et al. Oncogenic mutations of ALK kinase in neuroblastoma. Nature. 2008;455: 971–975. DOI: 10.1038/nature07399Chen Y., Takita J., Choi Y.L., et al. Oncogenic mutations of ALK kinase in neuroblastoma // Nature. 2008. Vol. 455. P. 971–975. DOI: 10.1038/nature07399Zeineldin M, Patel AG, Dyer MA. Neuroblastoma: When differentiation goes awry. Neuron. 2022;110(18): 2916–2928. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.07.012Zeineldin M., Patel A.G., Dyer M.A. Neuroblastoma: When differentiation goes awry // Neuron. 2022. Vol. 110, No. 18. P. 2916–2928. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.07.012