<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Pediatrician (St. Petersburg)</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Pediatrician (St. Petersburg)</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Педиатр</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2079-7850</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-6252</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">5980</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/PED74142-146</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Whole exome sequencing: principles and diagnostic capabilities</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Полноэкзомное секвенирование: принципы и диагностические возможности</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Suspitsin</surname><given-names>Evgeny N</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Суспицын</surname><given-names>Евгений Николаевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Medical Genetics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент, кафедра общей и молекулярной медицинской генетики</p></bio><email>evgeny.suspitsin@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tyurin</surname><given-names>Vladislav I</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тюрин</surname><given-names>Владислав Ильич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Resident doctor, Department of Medical Genetics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ординатор, кафедра общей и молекулярной медицинской генетики</p></bio><email>tyurinvladislav@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Imyanitov</surname><given-names>Evgeny N</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Имянитов</surname><given-names>Евгений Наумович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Dr Med Sci, Professor, Head, Department of Medical Genetics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор, заведующий, кафедра общей и молекулярной медицинской генетики</p></bio><email>evgeny@imyanitov.spb.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sokolenko</surname><given-names>Anna P</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Соколенко</surname><given-names>Анна Петровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Medical Genetics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент, кафедра общей и молекулярной медицинской генетики</p></bio><email>annasokolenko@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">St Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный педиатрический медицинский университет» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2016-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>7</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 7, NO4 (2016)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 7, №4 (2016)</issue-title><fpage>142</fpage><lpage>146</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2017-02-03"><day>03</day><month>02</month><year>2017</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2016, Suspitsin E.N., Tyurin V.I., Imyanitov E.N., Sokolenko A.P.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2016, Суспицын Е.Н., Тюрин В.И., Имянитов Е.Н., Соколенко А.П.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Suspitsin E.N., Tyurin V.I., Imyanitov E.N., Sokolenko A.P.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Суспицын Е.Н., Тюрин В.И., Имянитов Е.Н., Соколенко А.П.</copyright-holder><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/pediatr/article/view/5980">https://journals.eco-vector.com/pediatr/article/view/5980</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Diagnostics of genetic diseases in clinical routine often presents a challenge. In particular, most of hereditary diseases are exceptionally rare and therefore unfamiliar to practicing physicians. Furthermore, even if the diagnosis of a particular genetic condition appears convincing on the level of clinical evidence, the causative mutation often remains unknown due to limitations in DNA testing procedures. Recently developed high-throughput sequencing technologies (Next Generation Sequencing, NGS; synonym: massive parallel sequencing) provide a breakthrough in medical genetics. While in the past genetic testing was limited to a single gene or, at best, to a small number of genes, NGS is compatible with a large-scale DNA analysis. One of the most popular applications of NGS is whole exome sequencing (WES), which allows simultaneous reading of coding sequences (exons) of all known genes. Although this technology exists only for a few years, its use has already led to discovery of the causes of more than 150 genetic syndromes. Furthermore, WES may be recommended for the use in clinical routine for selected patients with orphan disease, especially for the families with multiple affected relative. It is likely that WES will become a powerful screening tool in the near future. This review discusses general principles of WES as well as the applications of this technology in medicine.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Диагностика заболеваний генетической природы нередко представляет непростую задачу. В частности, многие болезни встречаются с настолько низкой частотой, что далеко не все врачи знакомы с их клиническими проявлениями. Кроме того, даже если предварительный диагноз удается установить, поиск патогенных мутаций может быть крайне затруднен вследствие высокой генетической гетерогенности; более того, во многих случаях первичный дефект неизвестен. Недавно разработанные технологии высокопроизводительного секвенирования (секвенирования нового поколения, Next Generation Sequencing, или NGS) позволяют преодолеть эти трудности. Если ранее генетическое тестирование сводилось к расшифровке последовательности одного или в лучшем случае нескольких генов, в настоящее время появилась возможность широкомасштабного анализа генетической информации. Одной из наиболее популярных разновидностей NGS является полноэкзомное секвенирование (ПЭС), позволяющее одномоментно расшифровать структуру кодирующих последовательностей (экзонов) всех известных генов. Поскольку большинство патогенных мутаций затрагивает именно экзоны, такой подход открывает блестящие перспективы в области ДНК-диагностики наследственных заболеваний. Несмотря на то, что технология ПЭС существует всего несколько лет, ее использование позволило выяснить причины более 150 генетических синдромов. В настоящем обзоре обсуждаются общие принципы полноэкзомного секвенирования, а также основные направления применения данной технологии в медицине.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>whole exome sequencing</kwd><kwd>mutations</kwd><kwd>rare diseases</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>полноэкзомное секвенирование</kwd><kwd>мутации</kwd><kwd>редкие заболевания</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1.	Aldahmesh MA, Li Y, Alhashem A, et al. IFT27, encoding a small GTPase component of IFT particles, is mutated in a consanguineous family with Bardet-Biedl syndrome. Hum Mol Genet. 2014;23:3307-3315. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddu044.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>2.	Baker E, Jeste SS. Diagnosis and management of autism spectrum disorder in the era of genomics: rare disorders can pave the way for targeted treatments. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2015;62(3):607-618. doi: 10.1016/j.pcl.2015.03.003.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>3.	Chinen J, Notarangelo LD, Shearer WT. Advances in basic and clinical immunology in 2014. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;135(5):1132-41. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.02.037.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>4.	de Bruin C, Dauber A. Insights from exome sequen¬cing for endocrine disorders. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2015;11(8):455-64. doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2015.72.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>5.	Francescatto L, Katsanis N. Newborn screening and the era of medical genomics. Semin Perinatol. 2015;39(8):617-22. doi: 10.1053/j.semperi.2015.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>09.010.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>6.	Gilissen C, Hoischen A, Brunner HG, Veltman JA. Unlocking Mendelian disease using exome sequencing. Genome Biol. 2011;12:228. doi: 10.1186/gb-2011-12-9-228.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>7.	Ghaoui R, Cooper ST, Lek M, et al. Use of Whole-Exome Sequencing for Diagnosis of Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy: Outcomes and Lessons Learned. JAMA Neurol. 2015;5:1-9. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2015.2274.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>8.	Green RC, Berg JS, Grody WW, et al. ACMG recommendations for reporting of incidental findings in clinical exome and genome sequencing. Genet Med. 2013;15(7):565-74. doi: 10.1038/gim.2013.73.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>9.	Hoischen A, Krumm N, Eichler EE. Prioritization of neurodevelopmental disease genes by discovery of new mutations. Nat Neurosci. 2014;17(6):764-72. doi: 10.1038/nn.3703.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>10.	Ku CS, Cooper DN, Polychronakos C, et al. Exome sequencing: dual role as a discovery and diagnostic tool. Ann Neurol. 2012;71:5-14. doi: 10.1002/ana.22647.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>11.	Ng SB, Buckingham KJ, Lee C, et al. Exome sequencing identifies the cause of a mendelian disorder. Nat Genet. 2010;42:30-35. doi: 10.1038/ng.499.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>12.	Platt C, Geha RS, Chou J. Gene hunting in the genomic era: approaches to diagnostic dilemmas in patients with primary immunodeficiencies. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;134:262-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.08.021.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>13.	Rabbani B, Tekin M, Mahdieh N. The promise of whole-exome sequencing in medical genetics. J Hum Genet. 2014;59:5-15. doi: 10.1038/jhg.2013.114.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>14.	Shashi V, McConkie-Rosell A, Rosell B, et al. The utility of the traditional medical genetics diagnostic evaluation in the context of next-generation sequencing for undiagnosed genetic disorders. Genet Med. 2014;16(2):176-82. doi: 10.1038/gim.2013.99.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>15.	Schreiber M, Dorschner M, Tsuang D. Next-generation sequencing in schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric disorders. Am J Med Genet. Part B: Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2013;162(7):671-8. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32156.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>16.	Singleton AB. Exome sequencing: a transformative technology. Lancet Neurol. 2011;10:942-946. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(11)70196-X.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>17.	Sokolenko AP, Suspitsin EN, Kuligina ESh, et al. Identification of novel hereditary cancer genes by whole exome sequencing. Cancer Lett. 2015;369(2):274-88. doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.09.014.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>18.	Suspitsin EN, Sokolenko AP, Lyazina LV, et al. Exome Sequencing of a Family with Bardet-Biedl Syndrome Identifies the Common Russian Mutation c.1967_1968delTAinsC in BBS7. Mol Syndromol. 2015;6(2):96-8. doi: 10.1159/000371408.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>19.	Valencia CA, Husami A, Holle J, et al. Clinical Impact and Cost-Effectiveness of Whole Exome Sequencing as a Diagnostic Tool: A Pediatric Center’s Experience. Front Pediatr. 2015;(3):67. doi: 10.3389/fped.2015.00067.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
