Pediatrician (St. Petersburg)Pediatrician (St. Petersburg)Педиатр2079-78502587-6252Eco-Vector68196210.17816/PED161109-124XDPTUMLectureЛекцияUnknownHepatitis A: a new look at an old problem (lecture)Гепатит А: новый взгляд на старую проблему (лекция)https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4957-71108149-9885GladinDmitrii P.ГладинДмитрий Павлович
Pakistan

MD, PhD, Head of the Department of Microbiology, Virology and Immunology

канд. мед. наук, доцент, и. о. заведующего кафедрой микробиологии, вирусологии и иммунологии

gladin1975@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6713-41567914-4401KozlovaNadezhda S.КозловаНадежда Сергеевна
Russian Federation

MD, PhD, Associate Professor of Department of Medical Microbiology

канд. мед. наук, доцент, доцент кафедры медицинской микробиологии

spbkns@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6870-31574463-7720MarchenkoVladimir A.МарченкоВладимир Александрович
Russian Federation

MD, PhD, Associate Professor of Department of Medical Microbiology

канд. мед. наук, доцент кафедры медицинской микробиологии

vmarcenco@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9741-02309869-5443BaranovIlya A.БарановИлья Андреевич
Russian Federation
vodolaz74@yandex.ruSaint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical UniversityСанкт-Петербургский государственный педиатрический медицинский университетNorth-Western State Medical University named after I.I. MechnikovСеверо-Западный государственный медицинский университет им. И.И. Мечникова010620251611091240106202501062025Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-VectorCopyright ©; 2025, Эко-ВекторCopyright ©; 2025,2025Eco-VectorЭко-Векторhttps://journals.eco-vector.com/pediatr/article/view/681962

Hepatitis A is a serious medico-social problem in the health care system worldwide. In the Russian Federation, hepatitis A virus continues to be the major etiological agent of acute viral hepatitis. The features of Hepatitis A at the present are its frequent association with chronic alcohol intoxication, chronic hepatitis B and C, HIV infection, a tendency to a prolonged course with exacerbations and relapses, the presence of cholestatic syndrome and an autoimmune disorder, more frequent development of severe forms of the disease due to the incidence declined in children and increased in adults. Due to the lack of specific antiviral therapy, vaccination is currently recognized as the most effective measure to combat hepatitis A. Thus, hepatitis A vaccination is included in the National Immunization Program in at least 20 countries, including the United States, China and Brazil. Expansion of the National Immunization Program and inclusion of hepatitis A vaccination will significantly reduce the incidence of this disease in the Russian Federation. The article describes the features of the hepatitis A virus reproduction cycle, including a description of quasi-enveloped form of virions. Current data on the epidemiology and pathogenesis of hepatitis A are presented. Clinical manifestations of manifest forms of hepatitis A are considered. The main and most promising methods of laboratory diagnostics of hepatitis A, as well as methods of specific disease prevention are described.

Вирусный гепатит А представляет собой серьезную медико-социальную проблему здравоохранения многих стран. В Российской Федерации заболевание продолжает занимать доминирующее положение в этиологической структуре острых вирусных гепатитов. Особенностями гепатита А на современном этапе являются: частое сочетание с хронической алкогольной интоксикацией, хроническими гепатитами В и С, ВИЧ-инфекцией, склонность к затяжному течению с обострениями и рецидивами, наличие холестатического синдрома и аутоиммунного компонента, более частое развитие тяжелых форм заболевания за счет преобладания в возрастной структуре заболевших взрослого населения, включая лиц старшей возрастной группы. Ввиду отсутствия этиотропной терапии в настоящее время наиболее эффективной мерой борьбы с гепатитом А признается вакцинация. Так, вакцинация против гепатита А предусмотрена Национальным календарем профилактических прививок как минимум в 20 странах мира, включая США, Китай и Бразилию. Расширение Национального календаря прививок и включение в него вакцинации против гепатита А позволит в значительной степени снизить заболеваемость и в Российской Федерации. В статье описаны особенности цикла репродукции вируса гепатита А, включая описание особой квази-оболочечной формы вирионов. Представлены актуальные данные по эпидемиологии и патогенезу гепатита А. Рассмотрены клинические проявления его манифестных форм. Представлены данные об основных и наиболее перспективных методах лабораторной диагностики гепатита А, а также методах специфической профилактики заболевания.

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