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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Pediatric Traumatology, Orthopaedics and Reconstructive Surgery</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Pediatric Traumatology, Orthopaedics and Reconstructive Surgery</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Ортопедия, травматология и восстановительная хирургия детского возраста</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>Pediatric Traumatology, Orthopaedics and Reconstructive Surgery</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2309-3994</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2410-8731</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">110805</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/PTORS110805</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Exchange of experience</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обмен опытом</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>Exchange of experience</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Reconstructive surgery in the treatment of congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia in children using microsurgical techniques: Reconstruction or amputation?</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Возможности реконструктивной хирургии конечностей при лечении врожденного ложного сустава костей голени у детей с применением микрохирургической техники — реконструкция или ампутация?</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title/></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6544-1657</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4851-9908</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zakharyan</surname><given-names>Ekaterina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Захарьян</surname><given-names>Екатерина Анатольевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>zax-2008@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4842-7639</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4042-7092</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chigvariya</surname><given-names>Nikolay G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чигвария</surname><given-names>Николай Георгиевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>chigvariya72@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9661-8718</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57193271892</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7546-3080</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Garkavenko</surname><given-names>Yuriy E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гаркавенко</surname><given-names>Юрий Евгеньевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Dr. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук</p></bio><email>yurigarkavenko@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5665-6111</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">6701438186</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">T-6146-2018</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3408-8570</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pozdeev</surname><given-names>Alexander P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Поздеев</surname><given-names>Александр Павлович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>prof.pozdeev@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8948-9225</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Grankin</surname><given-names>Denis Y.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гранкин</surname><given-names>Денис Юрьевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Research Associate</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>научный сотрудник</p></bio><email>grankin.md@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6460-2567</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5965-6506</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Afonichev</surname><given-names>Konstantin A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Афоничев</surname><given-names>Константин Александрович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Dr. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук</p></bio><email>afonichev@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">H. Turner National Medical Research Center for Сhildren’s Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр детской травматологии и ортопедии им. Г.И. Турнера</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Северо-Западный государственный медицинский университет им. И.И. Мечникова</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Северо-Западный государственный медицинский университет им. И.И. Мечникова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">H. Turner National Medical Research Center for Сhildren’s Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр детской травматологии и ортопедии им. Г.И. Турнера</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2022-11-24" publication-format="electronic"><day>24</day><month>11</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-12-23" publication-format="electronic"><day>23</day><month>12</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>429</fpage><lpage>439</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-09-06"><day>06</day><month>09</month><year>2022</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2022-11-17"><day>17</day><month>11</month><year>2022</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2022, Zakharian EA, Chigvariya NG, Garkvenko YuE, Pozdeev AP, Grankin DYu, Afonichev KA</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2022, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2022,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zakharian EA, Chigvariya NG, Garkvenko YuE, Pozdeev AP, Grankin DYu, Afonichev KA</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2025-12-23"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/turner/article/view/110805">https://journals.eco-vector.com/turner/article/view/110805</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold><italic>BACKGROUND</italic></bold><italic>:</italic> Numerous methods are available for the treatment of congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia, but none of them offers a 100% satisfactory result and does not exclude the development of repeated refractories. One of the treatment methods is vascularized transplantation of a fragment of the fibula into the position of the defect of the tibia. However, the achievement of consolidation of the bone fragments of the lower leg does not stop the series of interventions necessary to restore the function of the affected segment. Therefore, specialists were asked about the advisability of performing amputations as an alternative to long-term and multistage interventions.</p> <p><bold><italic>AIM</italic></bold><italic>:</italic> To analyze the results of the use of microsurgical techniques for the treatment of patients with congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia and, using the example of a patient, to show the way of multistage reconstruction of the lower limb.</p> <p><bold><italic>MATERIALS AND METHODS</italic></bold><italic>:</italic> The results of the use of microsurgical techniques in the elimination of a defect in the bones of the leg in five patients with congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia were analyzed. Age, sex, presence of type 1 neurofibromatosis, bone defect size, autograft size, duration of consolidation, osteosynthesis index, refractory, range of joint motion, and secondary deformities of the segments after consolidation were assessed. The course of the patient when performing severe reconstructive interventions to restore the weight-bearing capacity of the limb was described. Vascularized autograft transplantation was performed by a qualified microsurgical team.</p> <p><bold><italic>RESULTS</italic></bold><italic>:</italic> The mean age was 7.8 ± 2.2 years. Boys predominated, and type 1 neurofibromatosis was detected in 60% of the cases. The average defect size was 8.8 ± 1.6 cm, and the autograft size was 10.8 ± 1.6 cm. The duration of fixation was 260 ± 90 days, and the fixation index was 24.6 ± 10.6 days/cm. In two cases, 1 year after the fibula transfer, refractories were noted at the bone–graft interface. In 100% of the cases, patients had fibrous ankylosis at the level of the ankle joint, with a loss of functional range of motion, and in 40% of cases, there were flexion–extension contractures of the knee joints with an extension deficit of up to 20°. For this observation period, 3 of 5 patients underwent additional surgical interventions to correct the deformities of the affected limb.</p> <p><bold><italic>CONCLUSIONS</italic></bold><italic>:</italic> The use of VFT in patients with congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia allows restoring the integrity of the tibia. Multiple interventions performed on the same segment can lead to irreversible secondary changes in adjacent joints and loss of function of this limb.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold><italic>Обоснование</italic></bold><italic>.</italic> Существуют многочисленные методики лечения врожденного ложного сустава костей голени, но ни одна из них не дает 100 % результата и не исключает развития повторных рефрактур. Одна из таких методик — васкуляризированная пересадка фрагмента малоберцовой кости в позицию дефекта большеберцовой кости. Однако достижение консолидации костных фрагментов голени не устраняет необходимости вмешательств, направленных на восстановление функции пораженного сегмента. В связи с этим нередко специалисты поднимают вопрос о целесообразности ампутации как альтернативы многолетним многоэтапным вмешательствам.</p> <p><bold><italic>Цель</italic></bold> — проанализировать результаты применения микрохирургической техники при лечении пациентов с врожденным ложным суставом костей голени и на клиническом примере рассмотреть многоэтапную реконструкцию нижней конечности.</p> <p><bold><italic>Материалы и методы</italic></bold><italic>.</italic> Проанализированы результаты использования микрохирургической техники при устранении дефекта костей голени у 5 пациентов с врожденным псевдоартрозом голени. Учитывали возраст, пол, наличие нейрофиброматоза I типа, величину дефекта костей, величину аутотрансплантата, длительность консолидации, индекс остеосинтеза, рефрактуры, амплитуду движения в суставах, вторичные деформации сегментов после достижения консолидации. Описан клинический случай выполнения тяжелых реконструктивных вмешательств по восстановлению опороспособности конечности. Пересадку васкуляризированного аутотрансплантата выполняла квалифицированная микрохирургическая бригада.</p> <p><bold><italic>Результаты</italic></bold><italic>.</italic> Средний возраст пациентов — 7,8 ± 2,2 года. Преобладали мальчики, и в 60 % случаев выявлен нейрофиброматоз I типа. Средняя величина дефекта составила 8,8 ± 1,6 см, а величина аутотрансплантата — 10,8 ± 1,6 см. Длительность фиксации — 260 ± 90 дней, а индекс фиксации — 24,6 ± 10,6 дня/см. В 2 случаях через год после микрохирургической пересадки отмечены рефрактуры на границе кость – трансплантат. В 100 % случаев у пациентов наблюдался фиброзный анкилоз на уровне голеностопного сустава с потерей функциональной амплитуды движения, и в 40 % случаев диагностированы сгибательно-разгибательные контрактуры коленных суставов с дефицитом разгибания до 20°. В дальнейшем 3 пациентам из 5 (на данный период наблюдения) проводили дополнительные оперативные вмешательства по коррекции деформаций пораженной конечности.</p> <p><bold><italic>Заключение</italic></bold><italic>.</italic> Васкуляризированная пересадка фрагмента малоберцовой кости у пациентов с врожденным ложным суставом костей голени позволяет восстановить целостность большеберцовой кости. Многократные вмешательства, выполненные на одном сегменте, могут приводить к необратимым вторичным изменениям в смежных суставах и потере функции данной конечности.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p/></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>microsurgery</kwd><kwd>congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia</kwd><kwd>amputation</kwd><kwd>deformity correction</kwd><kwd>transosseous osteosynthesis</kwd><kwd>external fixation</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>микрохирургия</kwd><kwd>врожденный ложный сустав костей голени</kwd><kwd>ампутация</kwd><kwd>коррекция деформаций</kwd><kwd>чрескостный остеосинтез</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Правительство РФ</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Government of Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Romanus B, Bollini G, Dungl P, et al. 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