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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Pediatric Traumatology, Orthopaedics and Reconstructive Surgery</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Pediatric Traumatology, Orthopaedics and Reconstructive Surgery</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Ортопедия, травматология и восстановительная хирургия детского возраста</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>Pediatric Traumatology, Orthopaedics and Reconstructive Surgery</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2309-3994</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2410-8731</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">15593</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/PTORS74113-124</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Review</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры литературы</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Current views on radial head subluxation</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Современные представления о подвывихе головки лучевой кости</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>关于桡骨头部半脱位的现代观点</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3246-7452</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Petrushin</surname><given-names>Alexander L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Петрушин</surname><given-names>Александр Леонидович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, the Chief of Surgical Department</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, заведующий хирургическим отделением</p></bio><email>petrushin.59@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0900-4572</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bragina</surname><given-names>Svetlana V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Брагина</surname><given-names>Светлана Валентиновна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Assistant Professor in Department of Traumatology, Orthopedics and Military surgery</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент кафедры травматологии, ортопедии и военной хирургии</p></bio><email>svetabragina69@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8777-2596</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Berezin</surname><given-names>Pavel A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Березин</surname><given-names>Павел Андреевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>student of the 5<sup>th</sup> term of Pediatric Faculty</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>студент 5-го курса педиатрического факультета</p></bio><email>medicinehead@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Karpogory Central District Hospital</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГБУЗ Архангельской области «Карпогорская центральная районная больница»</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Northern State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Северный государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2019-10-09" publication-format="electronic"><day>09</day><month>10</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2019-12-20" publication-format="electronic"><day>20</day><month>12</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>7</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>113</fpage><lpage>124</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2019-08-06"><day>06</day><month>08</month><year>2019</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2019-10-07"><day>07</day><month>10</month><year>2019</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2020, Petrushin A.L., Bragina S.V., Berezin P.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2020, Петрушин А.Л., Брагина С.В., Березин П.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2020, Petrushin A., Bragina S., Berezin P.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Petrushin A.L., Bragina S.V., Berezin P.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Петрушин А.Л., Брагина С.В., Березин П.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Petrushin A., Bragina S., Berezin P.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/turner/article/view/15593">https://journals.eco-vector.com/turner/article/view/15593</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Backgr</bold><bold>о</bold><bold>und.</bold> Radial head subluxation is the most common injury in young children and accounts for 2.6% of the total population in this age group. In 39%–82% of cases, the mechanism of injury is the traction of the arm, but subluxation can occur during a fall and in other circumstances; in 19%–51% of cases, the mechanism of injury is unknown.</p> <p><bold>Aim.</bold> The purpose of this study is to generalize and arrange the available literature and data and present current views on the prevalence, etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of radial head subluxation in children.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods.</bold> A literature search was performed using the PubMed, PubMed Central, Google Scholar, CNKI-Scholar, Cyberleninka, and eLibrary databases. The sample of sources was mainly limited to 2000–2019.</p> <p><bold>Results.</bold> The cause of subluxation is the displacement of the annular ligament and its interposition in the humeroradial joint. It is determined by a number of features of the elbow joint anatomy in young children. Diagnosis of radial head subluxation is based on history and clinical data; radiography and ultrasonography are used to obtain a clear clinical picture and to exclude fractures. The mainstay of treatment is a closed reduction, which is conducted via two methods as follows: supination–flexion and hyperpronation. According to modern research data, preference is given to the hyperpronation method; it is more effective in terms of number of reduction attempts, is technically simpler and, possibly, less painful. Generally, immobilization after effective reduction is not required as the function of the elbow joint is fully restored. A consequence of radial head subluxation is recurrence, which occurs in 5%–46% of cases. A factor associated with recurrence is being less than two years of age. The prophylaxis of radial head subluxation is aimed at preventing forceful arm traction in children under three years of age and involves educating the parents or caregivers in the symptoms of subluxation to prevent late admission.</p> <p><bold>Conclusions.</bold> Radial head subluxation is found in young children and is mainly diagnosed clinically. The treatment consists of a closed reposition, and the prognosis for restoring limb function is favorable.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> Подвывих головки лучевой кости — самое распространенное повреждение у детей раннего возраста и составляет 2,6 % общего количества детей в данной возрастной группе. В 39–82 % случаев механизмом повреждения является тракция за руку, однако подвывих может происходить при падении и других обстоятельствах, в 19–51 % случаев механизм травмы неизвестен.</p> <p><bold>Цель</bold> — обобщение, систематизация литературных данных и представление современных взглядов на распространенность, этиологию, патогенез, диагностику и лечение подвывиха головки лучевой кости.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> Поиск литературных источников был выполнен по базам данных PubMed, PubMed Central, Google Scholar, CNKI-Scholar, Cyberleninka, eLibrary. Выборка источников в основном ограничивалась 2000–2019 гг.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Непосредственная причина подвывиха заключается в смещении анулярной связки и ее интерпозиции в полости плечелучевого сустава, чему способствует ряд особенностей анатомии локтевого сустава у детей раннего возраста. Диагностика подвывиха головки лучевой кости основана на анамнестических и клинических данных, рентгенографию и ультразвуковое исследование выполняют при неясной клинической картине и для исключения переломов. Основной метод лечения — закрытая репозиция, которую осуществляют двумя методами: супинационно-флексионным и гиперпронационным. По данным современных исследований, предпочтение отдают гиперпронационному методу: он более эффективен в плане количества попыток репозиции, технически проще и, возможно, менее болезнен. Иммобилизации после эффективной репозиции, как правило, не требуется, функция локтевого сустава восстанавливается в полном объеме. После подвывиха головки лучевой кости в 5–46 % случаев возникают рецидивы. Фактором, ассоциированным с рецидивами, является возраст младше двух лет. Профилактика подвывихов головки лучевой кости направлена на недопущение резкой тракции за руку детей младше трехлетнего возраста и обучение родителей или лиц, ухаживающих за ребенком, симптоматике подвывиха, чтобы оказать ребенку своевременную помощь.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Подвывих головки лучевой кости встречается у детей раннего возраста, диагностируется, как правило, на основании клинических данных. Лечение состоит в закрытой репозиции, прогноз для восстановления функции конечности благоприятный.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p><bold>论证：</bold>桡骨小头半脱位是儿童最常见的损伤，占这个年龄段儿童总数的2.6%。在39-82%的病例中，损伤机制是肱骨牵引，但在跌倒等情况下可发生半脱位，19-51%的病例中，损伤机制尚不清楚。</p> <p><bold>目的</bold>对文献资料进行归纳、整理，对桡骨小头半脱位的患病率、病因、发病机制、诊断和治疗现状提出看法。</p> <p><bold>材料与方法：</bold>对文学资源的搜索使用了PubMed、PubMed Central、Google Scholar、CNKI-Scholar、CYBERLENINCA和eLibrary数据库。来源的样本大多限于2000-2019年。</p> <p><bold>结果：</bold>导致半脱位的直接原因是肩关节腔内的环状韧带移位及其间置，这是由于儿童肘关节的许多解剖特征所致。桡骨小头半脱位的诊断是基于病史和临床资料，而X线和超声检查是在临床图像不清楚时进行，以排除骨折。治疗的主要方法是闭合复位，有两种方法：旋后屈曲法及极度旋前法。根据现代研究，倾向于使用极度旋前法：它在重新定位尝试的次数方面更有效率，技术上更简单，而且可能不那么痛苦。有效复位后通常不需要固定，肘关节功能完全恢复。桡骨小头半脱位后，在5-46%的病例中，会发生复发。与复发相关的因素是小于2岁的年龄。预防桡骨小头半脱位的目的是防止3岁以下儿童的肱骨被急剧牵引，并训练儿童的家长或照顾者，使其出现半脱位的症状，以便及时为儿童提供帮助。</p> <p><bold>结论：</bold>桡骨小头半脱位发生于儿童，通常根据临床资料诊断。治疗包括闭合复位，上肢功能恢复预后良好。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>radial head subluxation</kwd><kwd>elbow joint</kwd><kwd>elbow joint injuries</kwd><kwd>injuries in children</kwd><kwd>upper extremity trauma</kwd><kwd>joint injury</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>подвывих головки лучевой кости</kwd><kwd>локтевой сустав</kwd><kwd>повреждения локтевого сустава</kwd><kwd>травмы у детей</kwd><kwd>травмы верхней конечности</kwd><kwd>повреждения суставов</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>桡骨小头半脱位</kwd><kwd>肘关节</kwd><kwd>肘关节损伤</kwd><kwd>受伤的儿童</kwd><kwd>上肢损伤</kwd><kwd>关节损伤。</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><award-id></award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Kimura M, Taketani T, Kurozawa Y. 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