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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Pediatric Traumatology, Orthopaedics and Reconstructive Surgery</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Pediatric Traumatology, Orthopaedics and Reconstructive Surgery</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Ортопедия, травматология и восстановительная хирургия детского возраста</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>Pediatric Traumatology, Orthopaedics and Reconstructive Surgery</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2309-3994</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2410-8731</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">6106</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/PTORS6123-32</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original papers</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Baby walkers and the phenomenon of toe-walking</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Детские ходунки и феномен ходьбы на носках</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Krivova</surname><given-names>Alla V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кривова</surname><given-names>Алла Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Associate Professor of the Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, доцент кафедры травматологии и ортопедии. ФГБОУ ВО «Тверской государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России</p></bio><email>krivova267@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1092-7485</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sharov</surname><given-names>Alexander N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шаров</surname><given-names>Александр Николаевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Post-graduate Student of the Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант, кафедра травматологии и ортопедии</p></bio><email>sklif79@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Tver State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Тверской государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2018-03-26" publication-format="electronic"><day>26</day><month>03</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>6</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>23</fpage><lpage>32</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2017-03-14"><day>14</day><month>03</month><year>2017</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2017-12-29"><day>29</day><month>12</month><year>2017</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2018, Krivova A.V., Sharov A.N.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2018, Кривова А.В., Шаров А.Н.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2018</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Krivova A.V., Sharov A.N.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кривова А.В., Шаров А.Н.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/turner/article/view/6106">https://journals.eco-vector.com/turner/article/view/6106</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background</bold>. There is limited data in the literature regarding the clinical impact of baby walkers (BWs).</p> <p><bold>Aim</bold>. In this study, we examined the hypothesis that the formation of abnormal motor pattern in the form of preferred moving without support on the heel, while using a BW.</p> <p><bold>Objectives</bold>. We aimed to determine certain epidemiological impact of the use of infant walkers in order to identify the toe-walking pattern to determine the accuracy of its connection with the walker for estimating the volume and characteristics of the phenomenon.</p> <p><bold>Methods</bold>. Three retrospective cohort studies were conducted. All the children included in the sample (n = 749) and 363 infants used BWs. Method selected anamnestic survey of parents on a specially designed, anonymous questionnaires and statistical analysis of data.</p> <p><bold>Results</bold>. The study population had been using BWs for several years. The reasons for the use of infant walkers were identified. The relative risk of walking without heel support in the BWs user groups RR2 = 3.555 (2.535–4.990, 95% CI) and RR3 = 2.766 (1.178–6.494, 95% CI) was calculated for the second and third studies, respectively. There was an increase in the correlation between toe walking and the use of BWs with longer duration of use. The risk of toe walking in the BW user group (PAR = 19.647%) was calculated. The study revealed no static deformation associated with the use of BWs.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion</bold>. The use of BWs was identified as a factor contributing to the formation of the toe-walking pattern and as a possible causal factor of idiopathic toe walking.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Актуальность</bold>. При обзоре исследований выявлен малый объем данных о возможном влиянии ходунков на формирование паттерна ходьбы на носках.</p> <p><bold>Гипотезы и цели исследований</bold>. В работе рассмотрена гипотеза о формировании аномального двигательного паттерна в виде предпочтительного перемещения без опоры на пятку при использовании детских ходунков. Цель исследования — определение ряда эпидемиологических аспектов использования ходунков, выявление аномального паттерна ходьбы на носках, определение достоверности его связи с ходунками, оценка особенностей явления.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы</bold>. Было проведено три ретроспективных когортных исследования. В выборки включено 749 детей; количество детей в «ходунковых» группах составило 363. В качестве методов выбраны анамнестический опрос родителей по специально разработанным анонимным вопросникам и статистический анализ данных.</p> <p><bold>Результаты исследований</bold>. Определено снижение использования ходунков в популяции в течение нескольких лет. Установлены причины использования детских ходунков. Рассчитан относительный риск ходьбы без опоры на пятку в «ходунковых» группах: RR2 = 3,555 (2,535–4,990 95 % ДИ) и RR3 = 2,766 (1,178–6,494 95 % ДИ) для второго и третьего исследований соответственно. Выявлен более продолжительный период ходьбы на носках в «ходунковой» группе: М ген. = 14,58 ± 3,49; 11,09–18,07 мес. (95 % ДИ). Установлено увеличение корреляции между ходьбой на носках и ходьбой при помощи детских ходунков при большем времени их использования. Был рассчитан популяционный риск ходьбы на носках в «ходунковой» группе: PAR = 19,647 %. В работе не выявлены статические деформации, ассоциированные с использованием детских ходунков.</p> <p><bold>Заключение</bold>. Детские ходунки определены как фактор, способствующий формированию паттерна ходьбы на носках. Возможно, ходунки являются этиологическим фактором идиопатической ходьбы на носках.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>baby walkers</kwd><kwd>infant walkers</kwd><kwd>toe walking</kwd><kwd>idiopathic toe-walking (ITW)</kwd><kwd>gastrocnemius-soleus complex</kwd><kwd>BWs users</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>детские ходунки</kwd><kwd>ходьба на носках</kwd><kwd>идиопатическая ходьба на носках (ИХН)</kwd><kwd>икроножно-камбаловидный комплекс</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1.	Wick JP. Improvement in baby-walkers. United States patent US 196730. 1877 Oct 1877.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>2.	Euell G. Improvement in baby-walkers. United States patent US 126452. 1872 May 7.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>3.	Laffoy M, Fitzpatrick P, Jordan M, Dowdall D. 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