<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Pediatric Traumatology, Orthopaedics and Reconstructive Surgery</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Pediatric Traumatology, Orthopaedics and Reconstructive Surgery</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Ортопедия, травматология и восстановительная хирургия детского возраста</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>Pediatric Traumatology, Orthopaedics and Reconstructive Surgery</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2309-3994</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2410-8731</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">61470</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/PTORS61470</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Review</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры литературы</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Modern concepts of treating diaphyseal forearm fractures (literature review)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Современные представления о лечении открытых диафизарных переломов костей предплечья (обзор литературы)</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>前臂干骺端开放性骨折现代治疗理念研究（文献回顾）</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4328-6999</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6341-3358</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chernyaev</surname><given-names>Sergey N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Черняев</surname><given-names>Сергей Николаевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Chernyaev</surname><given-names>Sergey N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, PhD, Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><email>traumamariin@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7244-5522</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2325-0152</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Neverov</surname><given-names>Valentin A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Неверов</surname><given-names>Валентин Александрович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Neverov</surname><given-names>Valentin A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, PhD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor</p></bio><email>5507974@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8630-6024</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chernyaeva</surname><given-names>Anna S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Черняева</surname><given-names>Анна Сергеевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Chernyaeva</surname><given-names>Anna S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD</p></bio><email>chernyaeva.1997@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Северо-Западный государственный медицинский университет имени И.И. Мечникова</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Mariinsky City Hospital</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Городская Мариинская больница</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Mariinsky City Hospital</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Northern State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Северный государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Northern State Medical University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2022-02-03" publication-format="electronic"><day>03</day><month>02</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-03-24" publication-format="electronic"><day>24</day><month>03</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>93</fpage><lpage>102</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2021-02-22"><day>22</day><month>02</month><year>2021</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2022-01-20"><day>20</day><month>01</month><year>2022</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2022, Chernyaev S.N., Neverov V.A., Chernyaeva A.S.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2022, Черняев С.Н., Неверов В.А., Черняева А.С.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2022, Chernyaev S., Neverov V., Chernyaeva A.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Chernyaev S.N., Neverov V.A., Chernyaeva A.S.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Черняев С.Н., Неверов В.А., Черняева А.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Chernyaev S., Neverov V., Chernyaeva A.</copyright-holder><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/turner/article/view/61470">https://journals.eco-vector.com/turner/article/view/61470</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold><italic>BACKGROUND</italic></bold><italic>:</italic> Treating patients with open forearm fractures is always a difficult task. The complexity of treating these patients is related to the anatomical and biomechanical specifics of the segment. In many cases, fragmented, unstable fractures have serious soft tissue damage due to high-energy trauma, blood supply failure, the risk of infectious complications, prolonged wound healing, compartment syndrome development, delayed union, and contracture formation.</p> <p><bold><italic>AIM</italic></bold><italic>:</italic> This article reviews the modern native and foreign literature regarding the treatment of patients with open diaphyseal forearm fractures and identifies the main problems in these injuries.</p> <p><bold><italic>MATERIALS AND METHODS</italic></bold><italic>:</italic> The analysis of modern Russian and foreign literature concerning the treatment of patients with open diaphyseal forearm fractures is presented. The analysis was performed using the medical publication databases of CyberLeninka, eLibrary, and PubMed without limiting the search depth.</p> <p><bold><italic>RESULTS</italic></bold><italic>:</italic> The high percentage of unsatisfactory results of open fractures, both anatomical and functional, especially of severe type III fractures, presents a problem. This requires the developing methods to achieve fusion to avoid infectious complications and obtain a good functional result.</p> <p><bold><italic>CONCLUSIONS</italic></bold><italic>:</italic> Surgical wound management, stabilization of the fracture in the external fixation apparatus, prevention of infection with antibiotics, and early soft tissue coverage are necessary treatment steps to reduce the infection risk. Conversion of the device to submerged fixation allows early functional treatment, including rotational movement restoration. The choice of fixation method, the timing of the conversion, and the type of internal fixation remain a matter of debate.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold><italic>Обоснование</italic></bold><italic>.</italic> Лечение больных с открытыми переломами костей предплечья всегда представляет непростую задачу. Сложность лечения таких больных связана с анатомо-биомеханическими особенностями сегмента, зачастую оскольчатым нестабильным характером переломов, массивным повреждением мягких тканей вследствие высокоэнергетической травмы, нарушением кровоснабжения, риском инфекционных осложнений, длительным заживлением ран, развитием компартмент-синдрома, замедленным сращением и формированием контрактур.</p> <p><bold><italic>Цель</italic></bold> — проанализировать современную отечественную и зарубежную литературу по вопросам лечения больных с открытыми диафизарными переломами костей предплечья, выявить основные проблемы при этих повреждениях.</p> <p><bold><italic>Материалы и методы</italic></bold><italic>.</italic> В статье представлен анализ современной отечественной и зарубежной литературы по вопросам лечения больных с открытыми диафизарными переломами костей предплечья, отмечены основные проблемы при этих повреждениях. Анализ производили на основе баз данных медицинских публикаций сайтов CyberLeninka, еLibrary, PubMed без ограничения глубины поиска.</p> <p><bold><italic>Результаты</italic></bold><italic>.</italic> Серьезной проблемой является значительная доля неудовлетворительных результатов лечения при открытых переломах, как анатомических, так и функциональных, особенно при тяжелых переломах II и III типов, в связи с чем необходимо разработать тактику, позволяющую не только добиться сращения и избежать при этом инфекционных осложнений, но и получить хороший функциональный результат.</p> <p><bold><italic>Заключение</italic></bold><italic>.</italic> Хирургическая обработка раны, стабилизация перелома в аппарате наружной фиксации, профилактика инфекции антибиотиками и раннее покрытие мягких тканей — важные этапы лечения, снижающие риск инфицирования. Путем конверсии аппарата на погружной вид фиксации удается провести раннее функциональное лечение, в том числе восстановление ротационных движений. Выбор метода фиксации, времени проведения конверсии и вида внутренней фиксации при этом остаются предметом дискуссии.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p><italic><bold>论证。</bold></italic>前臂开放性骨折患者的治疗一直是一项艰巨的任务。这类患者治疗的复杂性与该节段的解剖和生物力学特征有关：骨折的碎片性不稳定性、高能量创伤对软组织的大规模损伤、血供受损、感染并发症的风险、伤口愈合时间延长、筋膜室综合征的发展、融合延迟和挛缩的形成。</p> <p>本研究的<italic><bold>目的</bold></italic>分析现代国内外关于治疗前臂骨干开放性骨折患者的文献，以确定这些损伤的主要问题。</p> <p><italic><bold>材料与方法。</bold></italic>本文通过对现代国内外有关前臂干骺端开放性骨折治疗的文献进行分析，指出其治疗中存在的主要问题。分析是在不限制搜索深度的情况下，基于CyberLeninka、eLibrary、PubMed网站的医学出版物数据库进行的。</p> <p><italic><bold>结果。</bold></italic>一个主要问题是开放性骨折的治疗效果不佳的比例很高，包括解剖学和功能性，尤其是严重的II型和III型骨折。因此，必须制定一个计划，不仅要实现融合和避免感染性并发症，而且要达到良好的功能效果。</p> <p><italic><bold>结论。</bold></italic>手术治疗伤口，固定骨折外固定装置，预防抗生素感染和早期覆盖软组织是降低感染风险的重要治疗阶段。通过将该装置转换为骨膜固定，可以进行早期功能治疗，包括旋转运动的恢复。内固定方法的选择、转换的时间和内固定的类型仍然是一个讨论的主题。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>forearm bones</kwd><kwd>forearm fractures</kwd><kwd>osteosynthesis</kwd><kwd>fracture</kwd><kwd>radius</kwd><kwd>ulna</kwd><kwd>open forearm fracture</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>кости предплечья</kwd><kwd>переломы предплечья</kwd><kwd>остеосинтез</kwd><kwd>перелом</kwd><kwd>лучевая кость</kwd><kwd>локтевая кость</kwd><kwd>открытый перелом предплечья</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>前臂骨</kwd><kwd>前臂骨折</kwd><kwd>骨缝术</kwd><kwd>骨折</kwd><kwd>桡骨</kwd><kwd>尺骨</kwd><kwd>前臂开放性骨折</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grottkau BE, Epps HR, Di Scala C. Compartment syndrome in children and adolescents. J Pediatr Surg. 2005;40:678–682. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2004.12.007</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grottkau B.E., Epps H.R., Di Scala C. Compartment syndrome in children and adolescents // J. Pediatr. Surg. 2005. Vol. 40. P. 678–682. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2004.12.007</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McQueen MM, Gaston P, Court-Brown CM. Acute compartment syndrome: who is at risk? J Bone Joint Surg. 2000;82-B:200–203</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McQueen M.M., Gaston P., Court-Brown C.M. Acute compartment syndrome: who is at risk? // J. Bone Joint Surg. 2000. Vol. 82-B. P. 200–203.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Safoury Y. Free vascularized fibula for the treatment of traumatic bone defects and nonunion of the forearm bones. J Hand Surg. 2005;30-B:67–72. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsb.2004.09.007</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Safoury Y. Free vascularized fibula for the treatment of traumatic bone defects and nonunion of the forearm bones // J. Hand Surg. 2005. Vol. 30-B. P. 67–72. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsb.2004.09.007</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tikhilov RM, Akhmedov BA, Ataev AR. Osteosynthesis with plates with the angular stability of screws at the treatment of the gunshot fractures of extremity long bones. Travmatologiâ I ortopediâ Rossii. 2007;2:17–23. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тихилов Р.М., Ахмедов Б.А., Атаев А.Р. Остеосинтез пластинами с угловой стабильностью винтов в лечении огнестрельных переломов длинных костей конечностей // Травматология и ортопедия России. 2007. № 2. С. 17–23.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gustilo RB, Anderson JT. Prevention of infection in the treatment of one thousand and twenty-five open fractures of long bones: retrospective and prospective analyses. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1976;58:453–458.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gustilo R.B., Anderson J.T. Prevention of infection in the treatment of one thousand and twenty-five open fractures of long bones: retrospective and prospective analyses // J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 1976. Vol. 58. P. 453–458.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gustilo RB, Mendoza RM, Williams DN. Problems in the management of type III (severe) open fractures: a new classification of type III open fractures. Injury. Trauma. 1984;24:742–746. DOI: 10.1097/00005373-198408000-00009</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gustilo R.B., Mendoza R.M., Williams D.N. Problems in the management of type III (severe) open fractures: a new classification of type III open fractures // Injury. Trauma. 1984. Vol. 24. P. 742–746. DOI: 10.1097/00005373-198408000-00009</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shahid MK, Robati S. The epidemiology and outcome of open distal radial fractures. J Orthop. 2013;10(2):49–53. DOI: 10.1016/j.jor.2013.04.002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shahid M.K., Robati S. The epidemiology and outcome of open distal radial fractures // J. Orthop. 2013. Vol. 10. No. 2. P. 49–53. DOI: 10.1016/j.jor.2013.04.002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jawa A. Open fractures of the distal radius. J Hand Surg Am. 2010;35(8):1348–1350. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2010.06.008</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jawa A. Open fractures of the distal radius // J. Hand Surg. Am. 2010. Vol. 35. No. 8. P. 1348–1350. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2010.06.008</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Herman MJ, McCarthy JJ. The principles of pediatric fracture and trauma care. In: Weinstein SL, Flynn JM. editors. Lovell and Winter’s Pediatric Orthopaedics. 7th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer; 2014. P. 1661–1693.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Herman M.J., McCarthy J.J. The principles of pediatric fracture and trauma care. In: Weinstein S.L., Flynn J.M., editors. Lovell and Winter’s Pediatric Orthopaedics. 7th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer, 2014. P. 1661–1693.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brighton B, Vitale M. Epidemiology of fractures in children. In: Flynn JM, Skaggs DL, Waters PM, editors. Rockwood and Wilkins’ Fractures in Children. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer; 2015. P. 1–17.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brighton B., Vitale M. Epidemiology of fractures in children. In: Flynn J.M., Skaggs D.L., Waters P.M., editors. Rockwood and Wilkins’ Fractures in Children. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer, 2015. P. 1–17.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gougoulias N, Khanna A, Maffulli N. Open tibial fractures in the paediatric population: a systematic review of the literature. Br Med Bull. 2009;91:75–85.  DOI: 10.1093/bmb/ldp019</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gougoulias N., Khanna A., Maffulli N. Open tibial fractures in the paediatric population: a systematic review of the literature // Br. Med. Bull. 2009. Vol. 91. P. 75–85.  DOI: 10.1093/bmb/ldp019</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ömeroğlu H. Basic principles of fracture treatment in children. Eklem Hastalik Cerrahisi. 2018;29(1):52–57. DOI: 10.5606/ehc.2018.58165</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ömeroğlu H. Basic principles of fracture treatment in children // Eklem. Hastalik. Cerrahisi. 2018. Vol. 29. No. 1. P. 52–57. DOI: 10.5606/ehc.2018.58165</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Elia G, Blood T, Got C. The management of pediatric open forearm fractures. J Hand Surg Am. 2020;45(6):523–527. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2020.02.007</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Elia G., Blood T., Got C. The management of pediatric open forearm fractures // J. Hand Surg. Am. 2020. Vol. 45. No. 6. P. 523–527. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2020.02.007</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dabas РМА. Treatment of shoulder and forearm fractures in patients with multiple fractures and combined trauma: dissertation. Saratov, 2010. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дабас Р.М.А. Лечение переломов плеча и предплечья у больных с множественными переломами и сочетанной травмой: дис. … канд. мед. наук. Саратов, 2010.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sokolov АV. Conversion of external fixation with an intramedullary locking nail for open fractures of long bones in patients with polytrauma. NN Priorov J Traumatol Orthop. 2007;1:3–7. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Соколов А.В. Замена внешней фиксации на интрамедуллярный блокируемый штифт при открытых переломах длинных костей у пострадавших с политравмой // Вестник травматологии и ортопедии имени Н.Н. Приорова. 2007. № 1. С. 3–7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Natoli RM, Baer MR, Bednar MS. Conversion of external fixation to open reduction and internal fixation for complex distal radius fractures. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2016;102(3):339–343. DOI: 10.1016/j.otsr.2016.01.013</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Natoli R.M., Baer M.R., Bednar M.S. Conversion of external fixation to open reduction and internal fixation for complex distal radius fractures // Orthop. Traumatol. Surg. Res. 2016. Vol. 102. No. 3. P. 339–343. DOI: 10.1016/j.otsr.2016.01.013</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Soong M, Schmidt S. Acute contaminated open forearm fractures treated with VersaJet Hydrosurgical Débridement. J Orthop Trauma. 2010;24(7):66–68. DOI: 10.1097/BOT.0b013e3181ca48f2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Soong M., Schmidt S. Acute contaminated open forearm fractures treated with VersaJet Hydrosurgical Débridement // J. Orthop. Trauma. 2010. Vol. 24. No. 7. P. 66–68. DOI: 10.1097/BOT.0b013e3181ca48f2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dadaci M, Isci ET, Ince B, et al. Negative pressure wound therapy in the early period after hand and forearm replantation, is it safe? J Wound Care. 2016;25(6):350–355. DOI: 10.12968/jowc.2016.25.6.350</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dadaci M., Isci E.T., Ince B. et al. Negative pressure wound therapy in the early period after hand and forearm replantation, is it safe? // J. Wound Care. 2016. Vol. 25. No. 6. P. 350–355. DOI: 10.12968/jowc.2016.25.6.350</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Takeuchi N, Mae T, Hotokezaka S, et al. A Gustilo type IIIB open forearm fracture treated by negative pressure wound therapy and locking compression plates: a case report. Fukuoka Igaku Zasshi. 2011;102(10):293–297.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Takeuchi N., Mae T., Hotokezaka S. et al. A Gustilo type IIIB open forearm fracture treated by negative pressure wound therapy and locking compression plates: a case report // Fukuoka Igaku Zasshi. 2011. Vol. 102. No. 10. P. 293–297.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu X, Zhang H, Cen S, Huang F. Negative pressure wound therapy versus conventional wound dressings in treatment of open fractures: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Surg. 2018;53:72–79. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2018.02.064</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu X., Zhang H., Cen S., Huang F. Negative pressure wound therapy versus conventional wound dressings in treatment of open fractures: A systematic review and meta-analysis // Int. J. Surg. 2018. Vol. 53. P. 72–79. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2018.02.064</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chernyaev SN, Neverov VA. Modern concepts of treatment of complicated diaphyseal forearm fractures (literature review). NN Priorov Journal of Traumatologyand Orthopedics. 2020;27(4):73–79. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.17816/vto35163</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Черняев С.Н., Неверов В.А. Современные представления о лечении осложненных переломов костей предплечья (обзор литературы) // Вестник травматологии и ортопедии им. Н.Н. Приорова. 2020. Т. 27. № 4. C. 73–79. DOI: 10.17816/vto35163</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Devendra A, Velmurugesan PS, Dheenadhayalan J, et al. One-Bone forearm reconstruction: A Salvage solution for the forearm with massive bone loss. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2019;101(15):e74. DOI: 10.2106/JBJS.18.01235</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Devendra A., Velmurugesan P.S., Dheenadhayalan J. et al. One-bone forearm reconstruction: A salvage solution for the forearm with massive bone loss // J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 2019. Vol. 101. No. 15. P. e74. DOI: 10.2106/JBJS.18.01235</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kurylo JC, Axelrad TW, Tornetta 3rd P, Jawa A. Open fractures of the distal radius: the effects of delayed debridement and immediate internal fixation on infection rates and the need for secondary procedures. J Hand Surg Am. 2011;36(7):1131–1134. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2011.04.014</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kurylo J.C., Axelrad T.W., Tornetta 3rd P., Jawa A. Open fractures of the distal radius: the effects of delayed debridement and immediate internal fixation on infection rates and the need for secondary procedures // J. Hand Surg. Am. 2011. Vol. 36. No. 7. P. 1131–1134. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2011.04.014</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rai BK, Vaishya R, Agarwal AK. Spontaneous bone regeneration in an open segmental fracture of the forearm with extruded middle segment. Cureus. 2016;8(9):772. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.772</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rai B.K., Vaishya R., Agarwal A.K. Spontaneous bone regeneration in an open segmental fracture of the forearm with extruded middle segment // Cureus. 2016. Vol. 8. No. 9. P. 772. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.772</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zumsteg JW, Molina CS, Lee DH, Pappas ND. Factors influencing infection rates after open fractures of the radius and/or ulna. J Hand Surg Am. 2014;39(5):956–961. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2014.02.008</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zumsteg J.W., Molina C.S., Lee D.H., Pappas N.D. Factors influencing infection rates after open fractures of the radius and/or ulna // J. Hand Surg. Am. 2014. Vol. 39. No. 5. P. 956–961. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2014.02.008</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kaufman AM, Pensy RA, O’Toole RV, Eglseder WA. Safety of immediate open reduction and internal fixation of geriatric open fractures of the distal radius. Injury. 2014;45(3):534–539. DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2013.10.006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kaufman A.M., Pensy R.A., O’Toole R.V., Eglseder W.A. Safety of immediate open reduction and internal fixation of geriatric open fractures of the distal radius // Injury. 2014. Vol. 45. No. 3. P. 534–539. DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2013.10.006</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Plucknette BF, Rhee PC. An unusual variant of a floating forearm injury: a case report and review. Hand (NY). 2018;13(6):32–38. DOI: 10.1177/1558944718789411</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Plucknette B.F., Rhee P.C. An unusual variant of a floating forearm injury: a case report and review // Hand (NY). 2018. Vol. 13. No. 6. P. 32–38. DOI: 10.1177/1558944718789411</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shivanna D, Aski B, Manjunath D, Bhatnagar A. A rare combination open fracture dislocation of elbow with open fracture both bones forearm with radial nerve palsy. J Orthop Case Rep. 2014;4(2):13–16. DOI: 10.13107/jocr.2250-0685.159</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shivanna D., Aski B., Manjunath D., Bhatnagar A. A rare combination open fracture dislocation of elbow with open fracture both bones forearm with radial nerve palsy // J. Orthop. Case Rep. 2014. Vol. 4. No. 2. P. 13–16. DOI: 10.13107/jocr.2250-0685.159</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Riechelmann F, Kaiser P, Arora R. Primäre sweichteil management beioffenen frakturen [primary soft tissue management in open fracture]. Oper OrthopTraumatol. 2018;30(5):294–308. DOI: 10.1007/s00064-018-0562-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Riechelmann F., Kaiser P., Arora R. Primäre sweichteil management beioffenen frakturen [primary soft tissue management in open fracture] // Oper. Orthop. Traumatol. 2018. Vol. 30. No. 5. P. 294–308. DOI: 10.1007/s00064-018-0562-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nappo KE, Hoyt BW, Balazs GC. Union rates and reported range of motion are acceptable after open forearm fractures in military combatants. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2019;477(4):813–820. DOI: 10.1097/CORR.0000000000000645</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nappo K.E., Hoyt B.W., Balazs G.C. Union rates and reported range of motion are acceptable after open forearm fractures in military combatants // Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 2019. Vol. 477. No. 4. P. 813–820. DOI: 10.1097/CORR.0000000000000645</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Glueck DA, Charoglu CP, Lawton JN. Factors associated with infection following open distal radius fractures. Hand (NY). 2009;4(3):330–334. DOI: 10.1007/s11552-009-9173-z</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Glueck D.A., Charoglu C.P., Lawton J.N. Factors associated with infection following open distal radius fractures // Hand (NY). 2009. Vol. 4. No. 3. P. 330–334. DOI: 10.1007/s11552-009-9173-z</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Santoshi JA, Leshem L. Open fracture of the forearm bones due to horse bite. J Orthop Case Rep. 2014:4(1);7–10. DOI: 10.13107/jocr.2250-0685.138</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Santoshi J.A., Leshem L. Open fracture of the forearm bones due to horse bite // J. Orthop. Case Rep. 2014. Vol. 4. No. 1. P. 7–10. DOI: 10.13107/jocr.2250-0685.138</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moed BR, Kellam JF, Foster RJ. Immediate internal fixation of open fractures of the diaphysis of the forearm. J Bone Joint Surg. 1986;68A:1008–1017.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moed B.R., Kellam J.F., Foster R.J. Immediate internal fixation of open fractures of the diaphysis of the forearm // J. Bone Joint Surg. 1986. Vol. 68A. P. 1008–1017.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Elsaftawy A, Jabłecki J. Acute compartment syndrome after open forearm fracture – scale of the problem and case report. Pol Przegl Chir. 2014;86(1):44–47. DOI: 10.2478/pjs-2014-0008</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Elsaftawy A., Jabłecki J. Acute compartment syndrome after open forearm fracture – scale of the problem and case report // Pol. Przegl. Chir. 2014. Vol. 86. No. 1. P. 44–47. DOI: 10.2478/pjs-2014-0008</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grimsrud C, Siebler J. Small fragment locking plate as provisional internal fixation in severe open both-bone forearm fractures. J Hand Surg Am. 2014;39(8):1615–1619. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2014.05.015</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grimsrud C., Siebler J. Small fragment locking plate as provisional internal fixation in severe open both-bone forearm fractures // J. Hand Surg. Am. 2014. Vol. 39. No. 8. P. 1615–1619. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2014.05.015</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yang M, Zhu S, Gao Z, An G. Outcomes of open distal radius fractures managed with bridging external fixator and Kirschner-wire fixation. Zhonghua Yi XueZaZhi. 2014;94(22):1729–1732. (In Chinese)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yang M., Zhu S., Gao Z., An G. Outcomes of open distal radius fractures managed with bridging external fixator and Kirschner-wire fixation // Zhonghua Yi XueZaZhi. 2014. Vol. 94. No. 22. P. 1729–1732. (In Chinese)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jones D, Kakar S. Adult diaphiseal forearm fractures: intramedullary nail versus plate fixation. J Hand Surg. 2011;36A:1216–1219. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2011.03.020</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jones D., Kakar S. Adult diaphiseal forearm fractures: intramedullary nail versus plate fixation // J. Hand Surg. 2011. Vol. 36A. P. 1216–1219. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2011.03.020</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Korol SO, Matviichuk BV, Domansky AM. Extend of the surgical care to the wounded with gunshot forearm fractures at the stages of medical evacuation during terrorist operation. Тrauma. 2016;17(6):76–80. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Король С.А., Матвейчук Б.В., Доманский А.Н. Объем хирургической помощи раненым с огнестрельными переломами костей предплечья на этапах медицинской эвакуации во время антитеррористической операции // Травма. 2016. Т. 17. № 6. С. 76–80.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smith DK, Cooney WP. External fixation of high-energy upper extremity injuries. J Orthop Trauma. 1990;4:7–18. DOI: 10.1097/00005131-199003000-00002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Smith D.K., Cooney W.P. External fixation of high-energy upper extremity injuries // J. Orthop. Trauma. 1990. Vol. 4. P. 7–18. DOI: 10.1097/00005131-199003000-00002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Neverov VA, Cherniaev SN. Treatment of patients with open complicated forearm fractures. Vestn Khir Im I I Grek. 2013;172(4):54–58.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Neverov V.A., Cherniaev S.N. Treatment of patients with open complicated forearm fractures // Vestn. Khir. Im. I.I. Grek. 2013. Vol. 172. No. 4. P. 54–58.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list></back></article>
