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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Pediatric Traumatology, Orthopaedics and Reconstructive Surgery</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Pediatric Traumatology, Orthopaedics and Reconstructive Surgery</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Ортопедия, травматология и восстановительная хирургия детского возраста</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>Pediatric Traumatology, Orthopaedics and Reconstructive Surgery</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2309-3994</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2410-8731</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">636376</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/PTORS636376</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Clinical studies</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Клинические исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>Clinical studies</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Elbow fracture sequelae in children</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Последствия переломов в области локтевого сустава у детей</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>肘关节骨折的后果在儿童中的研究</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9712-5509</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4651-8232</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zorin</surname><given-names>Vyacheslav I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зорин</surname><given-names>Вячеслав Иванович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Zorin</surname><given-names>Vyacheslav I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, PhD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Associate Professor</p></bio><email>zoringlu@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8278-7032</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3684-5167</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lukyanov</surname><given-names>Sergey A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лукьянов</surname><given-names>Сергей Андреевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Lukyanov</surname><given-names>Sergey A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, PhD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><email>Sergey.lukyanov95@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3147-3658</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Grybok</surname><given-names>Daniil Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Грыбок</surname><given-names>Даниил Юрьевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Grybok</surname><given-names>Daniil Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>fromcrypt.exe@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">H. Turner National Medical Research Center for Сhildren’s Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр детской травматологии и ортопедии имени Г.И. Турнера</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">H. Turner National Medical Research Center for Сhildren’s Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Северо-Западный государственный медицинский университет имени И.И. Мечникова</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2024-12-12" publication-format="electronic"><day>12</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>419</fpage><lpage>426</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-09-22"><day>22</day><month>09</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-10-30"><day>30</day><month>10</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024,</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2024,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2027-12-15"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/turner/article/view/636376">https://journals.eco-vector.com/turner/article/view/636376</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold>Fractures of elbow joint bones are the most common type of fracture in children. Despite methodological advances in managing these injuries, adverse anatomic and functional outcomes are still common in clinical practice.</p> <p><bold>AIM: </bold>The aim was to evaluate the structure of primary injuries and primary treatment strategies to evaluate the sequelae of elbow bone fractures in children.</p> <p><bold>MATERIALS AND METHODS: </bold>Based on inclusion criteria, a retrospective cohort (<italic>n</italic> = 115) was formed. Clinical, historical and radiological data were evaluated in patients with sequelae of elbow fracture, admitted for surgical treatment in the clinic of the H. Turner National Medical Research Center for Сhildren’s Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery of Russia in 2022–2023. The Shapiro–Wilk test (for less than 50 subjects) or the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test (for more than 50 subjects) were used to test the normality of quantitative parameters. The Pearson’s chi-squared test was used to compare percentages in the contingency table analysis.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>The mean age of patients in the study population was 11 years (ranging from 4 to 17 years). The duration of injury is 15.6 ± 1.0 months (min = 3; max = 65). Based on the structure of the sequelae, three groups were identified: patients with contracture (42 cases; 36.5%), patients with deformity (31 cases; 27%), and patients with both contracture and deformity (42 cases; 36.5%). Supracondylar fractures of the humerus (40%) and apophyseal fracture of the medial epicondyle (31%) were the most common primary injuries. Primary conservative treatment of the fracture was performed in 82 (71%) patients, primary surgery was performed in 33 (29%) children, and 17 patients were switched from conservative to surgical treatment. A total of 31 (27%) children had repeated procedures.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS: </bold>Contractures are the most common adverse outcome of elbow fractures in children. Characteristics of conservative treatment and repeated procedures indicate a need for better training of pediatric trauma surgeons. Even today, despite the development of advanced algorithms, the main causes of adverse outcomes are still errors in diagnosis, care strategies, and intervention techniques.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование. </bold>Переломы костей, образующих локтевой сустав, встречаются у детей наиболее часто. Несмотря на методологическую разработку оказания специализированной помощи при данных повреждениях, в клинической практике нередко наблюдают негативные анатомо-функциональные исходы.</p> <p><bold>Цель </bold>— анализ последствий переломов костей, образующих локтевой сустав у детей, с оценкой структуры первичных повреждений и первичной тактики лечения.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы. </bold>На основе критериев включения сформирована ретроспективная когорта (<italic>n</italic> = 115). Проанализированы клинические, анамнестические и лучевые данные пациентов с последствиями переломов на уровне локтевого сустава, госпитализированных в клинику ФГБУ «НМИЦ детской травматологии и ортопедии им. Г.И. Турнера» Минздрава России для хирургического лечения в период 2022–2023 гг. Количественные показатели оценивали на соответствие нормальному распределению с помощью критерия Шапиро – Уилка (при числе исследуемых менее 50) или критерия Колмогорова – Смирнова (при числе исследуемых более 50). Процентные доли при анализе многопольных таблиц сопряженности сравнивали с помощью критерия χ<sup>2</sup> Пирсона.</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>Средний возраст пациентов в анализируемой выборке составил 11 лет (от 4 до 17 лет). Давность травмы — 15,6 ± 1 мес. (min = 3; max = 65). В структуре последствий определены три группы: контрактура — 42 случая (36,5 %), деформация — 31 случай (27 %), контрактура и деформация — 42 случая (36,5 %). В структуре первичных травм преобладали чрезмыщелковые переломы плечевой кости (40 %) и апофизеолиз медиального надмыщелка (31 %). Первично получали консервативное лечение по поводу перелома 82 (71 %) пациента, первичное оперативное вмешательство выполнено 33 (29 %) детям; в 17 наблюдениях осуществляли переход от консервативного лечения к хирургическому. Повторные вмешательства проведены 31 (27 %) ребенку.</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>Среди неблагоприятных исходов переломов на уровне локтевого сустава у детей преобладают контрактуры. Особенности первичной тактики в анализируемой группе в виде консервативного лечения и повторные вмешательства указывают на актуальность совершенствования подготовки специалистов по оказанию травматологической помощи детям. Основные причины негативных исходов на сегодняшний день по-прежнему лежат в ошибках диагностики, тактики оказания помощи и технике выполнения вмешательств, несмотря на разработанные современные алгоритмы.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p><bold>背景</bold>。肘关节骨折是儿童中最常见的骨折类型之一。尽管在处理这些损伤的专业帮助方面已进行过方法学的研究，临床实践中仍然常见负面的解剖学和功能性结果。</p> <p><bold>研究目的</bold>。分析儿童肘关节骨折的后果，评估原发性损伤的结构和初始治疗策略。</p> <p>材料与方法。基于纳入标准，形成了回顾性队列（n = 115）。分析了2022-2023年间住院于俄罗斯卫生部下属的“G.I. Turner儿童创伤学与骨科研究中心”并接受外科治疗的肘关节骨折后果的临床、 病史和影像学数据。对定量指标采用Shapiro-Wilk检验（样本量少于50）或Kolmogorov-Smirnov检验（样本量超过50）进行正态分布检验。对于多变量列联表中的百分比，通过皮尔逊卡方检验进行比较。</p> <p><bold>结果</bold>。分析样本中的患者平均年龄为11岁（4至17岁）。受伤时间为15.6 ± 1个月（最小值 = 3， 最大值 = 65）。后果分组中确定了三组：挛缩42例（36.5%）、变形31例（27%）、挛缩和变形42例（36.5%）。原发性损伤的结构中，以肱骨髁上骨折（40%）和内侧髁突的骨骺分离（31%）为主。 82名患者（71%）接受了初步保守治疗，33名患者（29%）接受了初步手术治疗；其中17例病例从保守治疗转为外科治疗。31名患者（27%）接受了重复手术治疗。</p> <p><bold>结论</bold>。在儿童肘关节骨折的负面后果中，挛缩占主导地位。分析组的初步治疗策略（如保守治疗） 和重复手术治疗表明，改善儿童创伤治疗专家的培养仍然是当务之急。尽管已有现代化的治疗算法，诊断错误、治疗策略问题以及手术操作技术错误仍然是目前造成负面结果的主要原因。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>fractures</kwd><kwd>elbow joint</kwd><kwd>supracondylar fracture</kwd><kwd>epiphysiolysis</kwd><kwd>osteosynthesis</kwd><kwd>contracture</kwd><kwd>deformation</kwd><kwd>sequelae of injuries</kwd><kwd>growth zone</kwd><kwd>children</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>переломы</kwd><kwd>локтевой сустав</kwd><kwd>чрезмыщелковый перелом</kwd><kwd>эпифизеолиз</kwd><kwd>остеосинтез</kwd><kwd>контрактура</kwd><kwd>деформация</kwd><kwd>последствия травм</kwd><kwd>зона роста</kwd><kwd>дети</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>骨折</kwd><kwd>肘关节</kwd><kwd>髁上骨折</kwd><kwd>骨骺分离</kwd><kwd>骨折内固定</kwd><kwd>挛缩</kwd><kwd>变形</kwd><kwd>创伤后果</kwd><kwd>生长区</kwd><kwd>儿童</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Houshian S, Mehdi B, Larsen MS. 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