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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Pediatric Traumatology, Orthopaedics and Reconstructive Surgery</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Pediatric Traumatology, Orthopaedics and Reconstructive Surgery</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Ортопедия, травматология и восстановительная хирургия детского возраста</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>Pediatric Traumatology, Orthopaedics and Reconstructive Surgery</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2309-3994</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2410-8731</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">641652</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/PTORS641652</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">QQUIIK</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Scientific reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Научные обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>Scientific reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en"><italic>Hallux valgus</italic> in equino-planovalgus foot deformity in children with cerebral palsy and its etiopathogenesis: a review (part 1)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title><italic>Hallux valgus</italic> при эквино-плано-вальгусной деформации стоп у детей с церебральным параличом. Этиопатогенез. Обзор литературы. Часть 1</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>脑瘫儿童马蹄-平足外翻型足畸形中的Hallux valgus。病因与发病机制。文献综述。第一部分</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5721-8575</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6824-5853</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Umnov</surname><given-names>Valery V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Умнов</surname><given-names>Валерий Владимирович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Umnov</surname><given-names>Valery V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, PhD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><email>umnovvv@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8027-1593</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zharkov</surname><given-names>Dmitriy S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жарков</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Сергеевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Zharkov</surname><given-names>Dmitriy S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD</p></bio><email>zds05@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3754-4090</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2773-1027</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Novikov</surname><given-names>Vladimir А.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Новиков</surname><given-names>Владимир Александрович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Novikov</surname><given-names>Vladimir А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, PhD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><email>novikov.turner@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4293-1607</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1376-7998</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Umnov</surname><given-names>Dmitriy V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Умнов</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Валерьевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Umnov</surname><given-names>Dmitriy V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, PhD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><email>dmitry.umnov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">H. Turner National Medical Research Center for Children’s Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр детской травматологии и ортопедии имени Г.И. Турнера</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">H. Turner National Medical Research Center for Children’s Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-03-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-04-18" publication-format="electronic"><day>18</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>108</fpage><lpage>117</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-11-06"><day>06</day><month>11</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-01-21"><day>21</day><month>01</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/turner/article/view/641652">https://journals.eco-vector.com/turner/article/view/641652</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND</bold>: <italic>Hallux valgus</italic> in children with cerebral palsy is an understudied problem. Treatment approaches are generally applied as a secondary measure, often after the child starts complaining at an older age following correction of contractures and other foot deformities. Moreover, there are no established methods for the early prevention or treatment of <italic>hallux valgus</italic>. Understanding the fundamental mechanisms of etiopathogenesis and biomechanical disturbances during gait is crucial for developing preventive and therapeutic strategies for this patient population.</p> <p><bold>AIM</bold>: To analyze international studies of foot deformities in children with cerebral palsy and compare these findings with biomechanical studies in patients with idiopathic <italic>hallux valgus</italic> without neurological pathology.</p> <p><bold>METHODS</bold>: Sixty-four scientific articles and publications retrieved from multiple databases without time restrictions were reviewed.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS</bold>: Equinoplanovalgus foot deformity is a major etiopathogenetic factor in the development of <italic>hallux valgus</italic> in children with cerebral palsy. Biomechanical alterations associated with <italic>hallux valgus</italic> are characterized by limited dorsiflexion of the hallux, excessive dorsiflexion of the first ray, restricted supination of the hindfoot and midfoot, and increased plantar flexion of the ankle joint during the terminal stance phase. In equinoplanovalgus deformity, excessive pronation of the hindfoot and midfoot cannot be compensated because of the limited range of motion of the midtarsal joint, causing restricted midfoot supination and the inability to activate the locking mechanisms of the midfoot and forefoot during terminal stance.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION</bold>: Any biomechanical disturbance within the complex multisegmental structure of the lower extremity that reduces hindfoot and midfoot supination, causes first ray eversion, and limits hallux dorsiflexion may contribute to deformity. The diversity of motor disorders, contracture patterns, and deformities in children with cerebral palsy indicates the need for further research aimed at identifying the specific factors involved in <italic>hallux valgus</italic> formation. Such findings may be beneficial for developing preventive and therapeutic strategies for early-stage deformities.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование</bold><italic>.</italic> В настоящее время <italic>Hallux valgus</italic> у детей с церебральным параличом — достаточно малоизученная проблема. Подходы к лечению осуществляют по остаточному принципу при появлении жалоб ребенка в старшем возрасте после коррекции контрактур и деформаций стопы. Кроме того, отсутствуют методы профилактики и лечения на ранних стадиях формировании деформации до появления жалоб больного. Понимание фундаментальных процессов этиопатогенеза, а также биомеханических нарушений при ходьбе у пациентов данной группы особенно важно при разработке методов профилактики и лечения.</p> <p><bold>Цель</bold> — анализ данных мировой литературы, касающейся теорий формирования деформации у детей с церебральным параличом в сравнении с результатами биомеханических исследований при <italic>Hallux valgus</italic> у пациентов с идиопатической формой заболевания без неврологической патологии.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы</bold><italic>.</italic> В работе использован материал 64 научных статей и публикаций различных баз данных без ограничения периода поиска.</p> <p><bold>Результаты</bold><italic>.</italic> Эквино-плано-вальгусная деформация стоп рассмотрена как ведущий фактор этиопатогенеза <italic>Hallux valgus</italic> у детей с церебральным параличом. Биомеханические изменения при <italic>Hallux valgus</italic> характеризуют ограничение разгибания I пальца, избыточное разгибание первого луча стопы, ограничение супинации заднего и среднего отделов, увеличение подошвенной флексии стопы в голеностопном суставе в конечные фазы периода опоры. При эквино-плано-вальгусной деформации стопы избыточная пронация заднего и среднего отделов стопы не может быть компенсирована по причине малого сектора движения в среднетарзальном суставе, что приводит к ограничению супинации среднего отдела стопы и невозможности активировать механизмы блокировки среднего и переднего отделов стопы в конечные фазы периода опоры.</p> <p><bold>Заключение</bold><italic>.</italic> Любые биомеханические нарушения сложной многозвеньевой системы нижней конечности, приводящие к уменьшению супинации заднего и среднего отделов стопы, эверсии первого луча и, как следствие, ограничению разгибания I пальца стопы могут способствовать формированию деформации. Разнообразие двигательных нарушений, сочетаний контрактур и деформаций у пациентов с детским церебральным параличом требует дальнейшего исследования с целью выявления факторов, приводящих к формированию <italic>Hallux valgus</italic>. Результаты данных исследований могут помочь в разработке методов профилактики и лечения на ранних этапах развития деформации.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>论证。目前，hallux valgus在脑瘫儿童中仍属于研究不足的问题。治疗通常按残留原则进行，即在较大年龄、完成足部挛缩和畸形矫正后，仅在患儿出现主诉时才进行干预。此外，在畸形形成早期、患者尚未出现主诉前，缺乏预防和治疗方法。理解该人群的基本病因与发病机制，以及步态生物力学异常，对于制定预防和治疗方法尤为重要。</p> <p>目的。分析国际文献中关于脑瘫儿童足部畸形形成理论的数据，并将其与患有无神经系统疾病的特发性hallux valgus患者的步态生物力学研究结果进行比较。</p> <p>材料与方法。本研究使用了64篇科学文章和出版物，来源于多个数据库，检索时间不设限制。</p> <p>结果。将马蹄-平足外翻型足畸形视为脑瘫儿童hallux valgus形成的主要病因因素。Hallux valgus的生物力学变化表现为：第一趾背屈受限、第一足跖骨过度背屈、后足及中足旋后受限，以及在支撑期末踝关节跖屈增加。在马蹄-平足外翻型足畸形中，后足和中足的过度内旋由于中跗关节运动范围狭小而无法被代偿，这导致中足旋后受限，并且在支撑期末无法激活中足和前足的锁定机制。</p> <p>结论。下肢复杂多关节系统中，任何导致后足和中足旋后减少、第一足柱外翻，并进一步限制第一趾背屈的生物力学障碍，均可能促使畸形形成。脑瘫患者存在多样化的运动障碍、挛缩及畸形组合，这一现象需要进一步研究，以明确导致hallux valgus形成的关键因素。研究结果有助于制定在畸形发展早期阶段的预防和治疗策略。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>hallux valgus</kwd><kwd>equinoplanovalgus foot deformity</kwd><kwd>cerebral palsy</kwd><kwd>first ray of the foot</kwd><kwd>first metatarsophalangeal joint</kwd><kwd>gait analysis</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Hallux valgus</kwd><kwd>эквино-плано-вальгусная деформация стоп</kwd><kwd>детский церебральный паралич</kwd><kwd>первый луч стопы</kwd><kwd>первый плюснефаланговый сустав</kwd><kwd>анализ походки</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>hallux valgus</kwd><kwd>马蹄-平足外翻型足畸形</kwd><kwd>脑性瘫痪</kwd><kwd>第一足柱</kwd><kwd>第一跖趾关节</kwd><kwd>步态分析</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Lake NC. 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