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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Pediatric Traumatology, Orthopaedics and Reconstructive Surgery</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Pediatric Traumatology, Orthopaedics and Reconstructive Surgery</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Ортопедия, травматология и восстановительная хирургия детского возраста</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>Pediatric Traumatology, Orthopaedics and Reconstructive Surgery</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2309-3994</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2410-8731</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">706042</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/PTORS706042</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">EIRWPR</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Scientific reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Научные обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>Scientific reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Efficacy and safety of patient-specific 3D-printed navigation templates in the surgical treatment of congenital spinal deformities in children</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Эффективность и безопасность применения индивидуальных печатных 3D-навигационных шаблонов при хирургическом лечении врождённых деформаций позвоночника у детей</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title/></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3534-5651</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vlasova</surname><given-names>Ksenia V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Власова</surname><given-names>Ксения Владимировна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><email>pspbgmu.science@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3533-5988</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Elfimova</surname><given-names>Yana P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Елфимова</surname><given-names>Яна Павловна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><email>koiol_a@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7522-9055</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Absalamov</surname><given-names>Chingiskhan N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Абсаламов</surname><given-names>Чингисхан Надирович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><email>absbs2003@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2148-901X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Stavrovskaya</surname><given-names>Ruslana O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ставровская</surname><given-names>Руслана Олеговна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><email>lana.stavrovskaya@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4975-059X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bochkareva</surname><given-names>Arina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бочкарева</surname><given-names>Арина Александровна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><email>arina2002b@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4506-5522</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Volkova</surname><given-names>Anastasiia L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Волкова</surname><given-names>Анастасия Леонидовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><email>miss.Nastya-Volkova2018@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6677-0777</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Eremina</surname><given-names>Inna V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Еремина</surname><given-names>Инна Вадимовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><email>Ereminainna@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6650-012X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Paulauskaite</surname><given-names>Anastasiia V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Паулаускайте</surname><given-names>Анастасия Викторовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><email>Aiko-aki@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5091-4543</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nabieva</surname><given-names>Elmira R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Набиева</surname><given-names>Эльмира Радиковна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><email>nabievaelmira777@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1399-7178</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gurinova</surname><given-names>Elena P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гуринова</surname><given-names>Елена Петровна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><email>epgur@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0234-7984</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Avaliani</surname><given-names>Roman V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Авалиани</surname><given-names>Роман Витальевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><email>avaliani2020@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет им. акад. И.П. Павлова</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kirov Military Medical Academy</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Военно-медицинская академия им. С.М. Кирова</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-05-26" publication-format="electronic"><day>26</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-07-12" publication-format="electronic"><day>12</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>212</fpage><lpage>223</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-04-12"><day>12</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-05-20"><day>20</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026,</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2026,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/turner/article/view/706042">https://journals.eco-vector.com/turner/article/view/706042</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Congenital spinal deformities in children are characterized by a progressive course, impaired growth of the spine and chest, and the risk of respiratory, cardiovascular, and neurological complications. This makes improving the safety of surgical correction a key priority in pediatric spine surgery. Pedicle screw fixation remains the standard of surgical treatment; however, in children with congenital deformities, its use carries a high risk of screw malposition due to small pedicle size, pedicle rotation, and significant anatomical variability. This review, conducted in accordance with SANRA guidelines, summarizes data from 63 studies on the use of patient-specific 3D-printed navigation templates in children with congenital spinal deformities. A search was performed using PubMed/MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and eLIBRARY. A synthesis of the review findings indicates that the use of 3D templates improves screw placement accuracy, particularly in anatomically complex regions, and reduces intraoperative radiation exposure; however, benefits with respect to deformity correction quality and long-term outcomes remain insufficiently established. The evidence base is limited by small single-center studies and heterogeneity of endpoints. The strongest indication for template use is in young children with complex anatomy, who are at high risk of screw malposition.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Врождённые деформации позвоночника у детей характеризуются прогрессирующим течением, нарушением роста позвоночника и грудной клетки, а также риском дыхательных, сердечно-сосудистых и неврологических осложнений. Это делает повышение безопасности хирургической коррекции одной из ключевых задач детской вертебрологии. Транспедикулярная фиксация остаётся основой хирургического лечения, однако у детей с врождёнными деформациями её применение сопряжено с высоким риском мальпозиции винтов из-за малых размеров педикулов, их ротации и выраженной вариабельности анатомии. В настоящем обзоре, выполненном в соответствии с принципами SANRA, обобщены данные 63 источников, посвящённых применению индивидуальных 3D-печатных навигационных шаблонов у детей с врождёнными деформациями позвоночника. Поиск проведён с использованием электронных ресурсов PubMed/MEDLINE, Sciencedirect, Google Scholar и eLIBRARY. Синтез результатов настоящего обзора свидетельствует о том, что использование 3D-шаблонов повышает точность установки винтов, особенно в анатомически сложных зонах, и снижает интраоперационную лучевую нагрузку, однако преимущества в отношении качества коррекции деформации и долгосрочных исходов остаются недостаточно доказанными. Доказательная база ограничена небольшими одноцентровыми исследованиями и гетерогенностью конечных точек. Наиболее обоснованно применение шаблонов у детей младшего возраста со сложной анатомией, у которых существует высокий риск развития мальпозиции винтов.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p/></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>congenital spinal deformities</kwd><kwd>congenital scoliosis</kwd><kwd>pedicle screws</kwd><kwd>3D printing</kwd><kwd>spine surgery</kwd><kwd>children</kwd><kwd>screw placement accuracy</kwd><kwd>navigation templates</kwd><kwd>pedicle screw fixation</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>врождённые деформации позвоночника</kwd><kwd>врождённый сколиоз</kwd><kwd>педикулярные винты</kwd><kwd>3D-печать</kwd><kwd>хирургия позвоночника</kwd><kwd>дети</kwd><kwd>точность установки</kwd><kwd>навигационные шаблоны</kwd><kwd>транспедикулярная фиксация</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Cao J, Zhang X, Liu H, et al. 3D printed templates improve the accuracy and safety of pedicle screw placement in the treatment of pediatric congenital scoliosis. 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