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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Urology reports (St. - Petersburg)</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Urology reports (St. - Petersburg)</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Урологические ведомости</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>Urology reports (St. - Petersburg)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2225-9074</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2687-1416</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">646326</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/uroved646326</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Научные обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Reprogramming the immune response in prostate cancer treatment</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Программирование иммунитета в лечении рака предстательной железы</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title/></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5995-2124</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8166-7147</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Enikeeva</surname><given-names>Kadriia I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Еникеева</surname><given-names>Кадрия Ильдаровна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Pharmacy)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. фарм. наук</p></bio><email>kienikeeva@bashgmu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9174-4824</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5116-7785</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gainullina</surname><given-names>Diana Kh.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гайнуллина</surname><given-names>Диана Халиловна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>gaynullina_d@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3298-3895</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5303-0020</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shmelkova</surname><given-names>Polina N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шмелькова</surname><given-names>Полина Николаевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>shmelkova_polina@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8184-6072</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2759-2939</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sharifyanova</surname><given-names>Yuliya V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шарифьянова</surname><given-names>Юлия Вакилевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>yuvsharifyanova@bashgmu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1289-9365</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3326-8909</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Akramova</surname><given-names>Elina R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Акрамова</surname><given-names>Элина Ринатовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>elinaletters@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9581-8918</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6542-9231</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kabirov</surname><given-names>Ildar R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кабиров</surname><given-names>Ильдар Раифович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>ildarkabirov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2125-4897</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2799-6268</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pavlov</surname><given-names>Valentin N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Павлов</surname><given-names>Валентин Николаевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор, академик РАН</p></bio><email>pavlov@bashgmu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Bashkir State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Башкирский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-03-06" publication-format="electronic"><day>06</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-05-07" publication-format="electronic"><day>07</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>75</fpage><lpage>88</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-01-17"><day>17</day><month>01</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-03-06"><day>06</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2025,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2028-05-07"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/uroved/article/view/646326">https://journals.eco-vector.com/uroved/article/view/646326</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Prostate cancer is the most common malignant disease among men, accounting for approximately 29% of all cancer cases in males. Recent research in the prostate cancer treatment has shown that immunotherapy can significantly improve the quality of treatment, extend remission, and enhance patient survival. However, the tumor microenvironment can negatively affect the efficacy of immunotherapy. Insufficient T-cell infiltration, immunosuppressive microenvironment, tumor-associated T and B lymphocytes, macrophages, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells substantially reduce the efficacy of immunotherapy. Current immunotherapy strategies include vaccine-based approaches, immune checkpoint inhibitors, CAR T-cell therapy, T-cell activators, etc. This review highlights the key therapeutic approaches aimed at reprogramming the immune response in prostate cancer, including nucleic acid-based vaccines, peptide-based vaccines, viral vector-based vaccines, immune cell-based vaccines, checkpoint inhibitors, CAR T-cell therapy, and bispecific antibodies. It also presents clinical and preclinical data on these therapies. Current immunotherapy approaches demonstrate significant potential in activating and directing the immune response against tumor cells. However, further research is required to better understand the underlying mechanisms and to develop new therapeutic strategies.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Рак предстательной железы — наиболее часто встречающееся злокачественное заболевание среди мужчин. Данный вид рака составляет около 29% всех онкологических диагнозов у лиц мужского пола. Современные исследования в лечении рака простаты показывают, что иммунотерапия может значительно улучшить качество лечения, продлить ремиссию и улучшить выживаемость пациентов, при этом стоит отметить негативное влияние опухолевого микроокружения на эффективность терапии. Недостаточная инфильтрации Т-клетками, иммуносупрессивная микросреда, Т- и В-лимфоциты, макрофаги, ассоциированные с опухолью, миелоидные супрессорные клетки существенно снижают эффективность иммунотерапии. Современные стратегии иммунотерапии включают вакцинотерапию, ингибиторы контрольных точек, CAR-Т-клеточную терапию, активаторы Т-клеток и др. В данном обзоре освещены основные терапевтические подходы к репрограммированию иммунитета при раке простаты, включающие вакцины на основе нуклеиновых кислот, пептидов, вирусных векторов, вакцины на основе иммунных клеток, ингибиторы контрольных точек, CAR-Т-клеточную терапию, биспецифические антитела, а также клинические и доклинические исследования препаратов этих групп. Современные подходы в иммунотерапии демонстрируют значительный потенциал в активации и направлении иммунного ответа на опухолевые клетки, но требуют дальнейших исследований для более глубокого понимания механизмов взаимодействия и в разработке новых стратегий.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p/></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>prostate cancer</kwd><kwd>oncoimmunology</kwd><kwd>cancer vaccines</kwd><kwd>CAR T-cell therapy</kwd><kwd>tumor microenvironment</kwd><kwd>immunotherapy</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>рак предстательной железы</kwd><kwd>онкоиммунология</kwd><kwd>вакцины от рака</kwd><kwd>CAR-Т-клеточная терапия</kwd><kwd>микроокружение опухоли</kwd><kwd>иммунотерапия</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Government of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Правительство Российской Федерации</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Erratum to “Cancer statistics, 2024.” CA A Cancer J Clinicians. 2024;74(2):203–203. doi: 10.3322/caac.21830</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Devasia TP, Mariotto AB, Nyame YA, Etzioni R. 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