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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Urology reports (St. - Petersburg)</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Urology reports (St. - Petersburg)</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Урологические ведомости</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>Urology reports (St. - Petersburg)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2225-9074</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2687-1416</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">693731</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/uroved693731</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">LBKFHR</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Systematic Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Систематические обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Comparing surgical and conservative treatment of keratinizing squamous metaplasia (leukoplakia) of the bladder: a systematic review</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Сравнение хирургического и консервативного лечения ороговевающей плоскоклеточной метаплазии (лейкоплакии) мочевого пузыря: систематический обзор</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title/></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3285-5559</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9896-6243</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vorobev</surname><given-names>Vladimir A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Воробьев</surname><given-names>Владимир Анатольевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук</p></bio><email>denecer@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0051-0583</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kosova</surname><given-names>Inga V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Косова</surname><given-names>Инга Владимировна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук</p></bio><email>kosovainga@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2954-842X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9614-0335</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ibishev</surname><given-names>Khalid S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ибишев</surname><given-names>Халид Сулейманович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>ibishev22@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Irkutsk State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Иркутский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Bashkir State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Башкирский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">City Clinical Hospital V.P. Demikhov</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Городская клиническая больница им. В.П. Демихова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Rostov State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Ростовский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-12-14" publication-format="electronic"><day>14</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>403</fpage><lpage>416</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-10-18"><day>18</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-12-14"><day>14</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2025,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2029-01-27"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/uroved/article/view/693731">https://journals.eco-vector.com/uroved/article/view/693731</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Leukoplakia is a condition requiring histological confirmation and is associated with persistent symptoms of recurrent cystitis. No universal treatment standards are currently available.</p> <p><bold>AIM:</bold> This study aimed to compare surgical and conservative treatment approaches for keratinizing squamous metaplasia (leukoplakia) of the bladder in adults.</p> <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> A scientific data search was conducted in MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, the Russian Science Citation Index, and other databases (last search: September 2025). Comparative studies and surgical case series following drug therapy failure were included; single case reports, pediatric cases, and schistosomiasis-associated cases were excluded. The primary outcome was clinical and endoscopic resolution, i.e. symptom disappearance and complete epithelialization on follow-up cystoscopy. Secondary outcomes included recurrence, adverse events, cancer occurrence, and quality-of-life measures. Risk of bias was assessed using ROBINS-I and RoB 2.0 tools (ROBINS-I prioritized), and overall certainty of evidence was evaluated using the GRADE approach. A random-effects meta-analysis (DerSimonian–Laird method with Hartung–Knapp adjustment) with heterogeneity assessment (I<sup>2</sup>, Cochran χ<sup>2</sup>) was pre-specified but was limited by small sample sizes and substantial heterogeneity.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Seven studies were included (0 randomized controlled trials), comprising a total of 826 patients. Conservative strategies (antibacterial and anti-inflammatory therapy, intravesical instillations) rarely resulted in lesion regression and provided mainly short-term symptom relief. Endoscopic removal or ablation of lesions (laser ablation, argon plasma coagulation, mono- or bipolar transurethral resection) demonstrated high rates of clinical and morphological resolution (80%–97%) and meaningful improvements in quality of life. In the largest series, the 5-year recurrence risk after complete endoscopic removal was 13.9%, with no cases of cancer reported over a median follow-up of 49 months. Laser ablation was associated with fewer coarse scars in the surgical treatment area and greater reduction in pain symptoms compared with transurethral resection; serious complications were rare. Overall certainty of evidence was low to very low (due to retrospective study designs, confounding, and selective reporting), although effect directions were consistent.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> In symptomatic keratinizing squamous metaplasia of the urothelium, an active management approach is justified, comprising biopsy-based diagnosis verification, elimination of inflammatory triggers, and organ-sparing endoscopic removal of lesions (preferably using laser techniques), followed by scheduled follow-up cystoscopy. Conservative therapy plays an adjunctive role and rarely provides durable resolution. The quality of available evidence remains low to very low, underscoring the need for prospective comparative studies.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> Лейкоплакия — заболевание, требующее гистологического подтверждения, ассоциированное с устойчивыми симптомами рецидивирующего цистита. Универсальные стандарты лечения отсутствуют.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования.</bold> Сравнить хирургические и консервативные подходы к лечению ороговевающей плоскоклеточной метаплазии (лейкоплакии) мочевого пузыря у взрослых.</p> <p><bold>Методы.</bold> Поиск проведен в базах данных MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, РИНЦ и других (последний поиск в сентябре 2025 г.). В обзор включены сравнительные исследования и серии оперативного лечения после неэффективной медикаментозной терапии; исключены единичные наблюдения, педиатрические и шистосомоз-ассоциированные случаи. Основной исход — клинико-эндоскопическое излечение (исчезновение симптомов и полная эпителизация по контрольной цистоскопии). Вторичные исходы: рецидивы, нежелательные явления, случаи рака и показатели качества жизни. Риск систематической ошибки оценивали по ROBINS I/ RoB 2.0 (приоритетно ROBINS I), суммарную достоверность — по GRADE. Мета-анализ с моделью случайных эффектов (ДерСимониан–Лэрд с поправкой Хартунга–Кнаппа) и оценкой гетерогенности (I<sup>2</sup>, χ<sup>2</sup> Кохрана) был предзадан, но количественный синтез оказался ограниченным из-за малочисленности и неоднородности данных.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> В обзор включено 7 исследований (0 рандомизированных контролируемых исследований), всего 826 пациентов. Консервативные стратегии (антибактериальная/противовоспалительная терапия, инстилляции) редко приводили к регрессу очагов и обеспечивали преимущественно кратковременное облегчение симптомов. Эндоскопическое удаление/деструкция очагов (лазерная абляция, аргоноплазменная коагуляция, моно/биполярная трансуретральная резекция) демонстрировали высокую частоту клинико-морфологического излечения (80–97%) и ощутимое улучшение качества жизни. В крупнейшей серии после полного эндоскопического удаления пятилетний риск рецидива составил 13,9%, случаев развития рака за медиану наблюдения 49 мес. не зарегистрировано. После выполнения лазерной абляции реже формировались грубые рубцы в зоне оперативного лечения и в большей степени снижалась болевая симптоматика по сравнению с трансуретральной резекцией; серьезные осложнения встречались редко. Значимость суммарных выводов низкая/очень низкая (ретроспективный дизайн, риск смешения, селективность отчетности), однако направления эффектов согласованы.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> При симптомной ороговевающей плоскоклеточной метаплазии уротелия рациональна активная тактика: биопсийная верификация диагноза, коррекция воспалительных триггеров и щадящее эндоскопическое удаление очагов (предпочтительно лазерное) с плановым цистоскопическим наблюдением. Консервативная терапия носит вспомогательный характер и редко обеспечивает стойкое излечение; качество имеющихся работ низкое и очень низкое — необходимы проспективные сравнительные исследования.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p/></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>bladder</kwd><kwd>leukoplakia</kwd><kwd>keratinizing squamous metaplasia</kwd><kwd>transurethral resection</kwd><kwd>laser ablation</kwd><kwd>argon plasma coagulation</kwd><kwd>systematic review</kwd><kwd>recurrence</kwd><kwd>quality of life</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>мочевой пузырь</kwd><kwd>лейкоплакия</kwd><kwd>ороговевающая плоскоклеточная метаплазия</kwd><kwd>трансуретральная резекция</kwd><kwd>лазерная абляция</kwd><kwd>аргоноплазменная коагуляция</kwd><kwd>систематический обзор</kwd><kwd>рецидив</kwd><kwd>качество жизни</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Pandey T, Pandey S, Goel A, et al. 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